JabRef References output

Author	Title	Year	Journal/Proceedings	Reftype	File	DOI/URL
Ackermann, R.R. & Smith, R.J.	The Macroevolution of our Ancient Lineage: What We Know (or Think We Know) about Early Hominin Diversity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Evol Biol Vol. 34, pp. 72-85	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Quantitative, evolutionary models that incorporate within- and between-species variation are critical for interpreting the fossil record of human diversity, and for making taxonomic distinctions. However, small sample sizes, sexual dimorphism, temporal trends, geographic variation, and the limited number of relevant extant models have always made the consideration of variation difficult for paleoanthropologists. Here we provide a brief overview of current early hominin diversity. We then argue that for many species our limited understanding of within species variation hampers our ability to make taxonomic decisions with any level of statistical certainty. Perhaps more significantly, the underlying causes of between-species variation among early hominins are poorly studied. There have been few attempts to correlate aspects of the phenotype with meaningful evidence for niche differentiation, to demonstrate the selective advantage of traits, or to provide other evidence for macroevolutionary divergence. Moreover, current depictions of vast pattern (but not size) diversity are inconsistent with expectations derived from most other extant primate clades that have adaptively radiated. If indeed the early hominin record is highly speciose, the reasons for this remain unclear.
BibTeX: @article{Ackermann2007, author = {Rebecca Rogers Ackermann and Richard J. Smith}, title = {The Macroevolution of our Ancient Lineage: What We Know (or Think We Know) about Early Hominin Diversity}, journal = {Evol Biol}, year = {2007}, volume = {34}, pages = {72-85}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-007-9002-7} }
Agnihotri, A.K., Kachhwaha, S., Jowaheer, V. & Singh, A.P.	Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 187, pp. 109.e1-109.e3	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Stature estimation from percutaneous body measurements forms part of forensic anthropological analysis for the purpose of identification. This study is aimed at modeling the stature on the basis of percutaneous tibial and/or ulnar length in human subjects comprising of Indo-Mauritian population. The study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SSR Medical College, Mauritius on 180 young and healthy students comprising of 90 males and 90 females in the age group ranging from 18 to 28 years. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. It is remarked that tibial as well as ulnar length show a linear relationship with the stature, where stature is normally distributed. However, it is required to transformthemeasurements on stature to obtain appropriate regression equations.Moreover, since ulna and tibia are significantly correlated, it is recommended to use the sum of the ulnar and tibial length to estimate stature, in case both are available for an individual. Our regression models are sufficiently validated and highly efficient.
BibTeX: @article{Agnihotri2009, author = {Arun Kumar Agnihotri and Smita Kachhwaha and Vandna Jowaheer and Ashok Pratap Singh}, title = {Estimating stature from percutaneous length of tibia and ulna in Indo-Mauritian population}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2009}, volume = {187}, pages = {109.e1-109.e3}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.010} }
Aguirre, E.	Registros Fósiles sobre la Evolución Humana en el Plioceno [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Rev.R.Acad.Cienc.Exact.Fís.Nat. (Esp) Vol. 102, pp. 185-199	article	OPEN
Abstract: A good number of new human fossils have been added in the last decades to the Pliocene record, between 5.3-1.8 MaBP, lightening an initial stage of the human evolution. These remains have been collected and examined from tens of sites in East- and South Africa, and the actual collection includes a dozen of species of hominid genera: Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Homo. Three major stages are distinguished with events relate to diversity, appearances and extinctions. Stages and events of geographical and environmental conditions are also referred, as well as innovations in human development and way of life.
BibTeX: @article{Aguirre2008, author = {Emiliano Aguirre}, title = {Registros Fósiles sobre la Evolución Humana en el Plioceno}, journal = {Rev.R.Acad.Cienc.Exact.Fís.Nat. (Esp)}, year = {2008}, volume = {102}, pages = {185-199} }
Aiello, L.C. & Wheeler, P.	The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1995	Curr Anthropol Vol. 36(2), pp. 199-221	article	OPEN
Abstract: Brain tissue is metabolically expensive, but there is no significant correlation between relative basal metabolic rate and relative brain size in humans and other encephalized mammals. The expensive-tissue hypothesis suggests that the metabolic requirements of relatively large brains are offset by a corresponding reduction of the gut. The splanchnic organs (liver and gastrointestinal tract) are as metabolically expensive as brains, and the gut is the only one of the metabolically expensive organs in the human body that is markedly small in relation to body size. Gut size is highly correlated with diet, and relatively small guts are compatible only with high-quality, easy-to-digest food. The often-cited relationship between diet and relative brain size is more properly viewed as a relationship between relative brain size and relative gut size, the latter being determined by dietary quality. No matter what is selecting for relatively large brains in humans and other primates, they cannot be achieved without a shift to a high-quality diet unless there is a rise in the metabolic rate. Therefore the incorporation of increasingly greater amounts of animal products into the diet was essential in the evolution of the large human brain.
BibTeX: @article{Aiello1995, author = {Leslie C. Aiello and Peter Wheeler}, title = {The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution}, journal = {Curr Anthropol}, year = {1995}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {199-221} }
Alvrus, A.	Fracture Patterns Among the Nubians of Semna South, Sudanese Nubia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Int J Osteoarchaeol Vol. 9, pp. 417-429	article	OPEN
Abstract: A collection of 592 individuals from the site of Semna South in Sudanese Nubia was studied for evidence of healed fractures of the skull and appendicular skeleton. The sample included 241 males, 239 females, 109 subadults and three adults for whom a sex could not be determined. Potential analytical and interpretive bias due to vagaries of preservation was quantified and examined. Almost 21% of the adults exhibited at least one healed fracture, while only two subadults showed such trauma. Rates of fractures, calculated for each bone, varied from a high of 17.9% for the cranium to a low of 0% for the right femur. Some fractures were likely caused by the physical environment, for example, falls along the rocky shores of the Nile. Other trauma, such as craniofacial fractures, found in both males and females, may have been due to interpersonal violence. The high rate of craniofacial trauma may indicate that this group experienced social stress which could have precipitated or intensified interpersonal violence.
BibTeX: @article{Alvrus1999, author = {Annalisa Alvrus}, title = {Fracture Patterns Among the Nubians of Semna South, Sudanese Nubia}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {1999}, volume = {9}, pages = {417-429} }
Angel, J.L.	A new measure of growth efficiency: skull base height. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 58(3), pp. 297-305	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Skull base height increases significantly with better nutrition and health conditions, as seen in comparing 163 nineteenth to twentieth century dissecting-room skeletons (Terry Collection) with 237 modern American middle-class adults (forensic and willed skeletons). The increase parallels the change in pelvic inlet depth index, known to respond sensitively to nutrition, and in stature, and is over six times greater than the general skull size change. Skull base height (porion-basion) is easy to measure with depth gauge and sliding caliper, or by subtraction, and is in adult a sensitive indicator of childhood growth stress.
BibTeX: @article{Angel1982, author = {Angel, J. L.}, title = {A new measure of growth efficiency: skull base height.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1982}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {297--305}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330580308} }
Arden, N.K., Nevitt, M.C., Lane, N.E., Gore, L.R., Hochberg, M.C., Scott, J.C., Pressman, A.R. & Cummings, S.R.	Osteoarthritis and Risk of Falls, Rates of Bone Loss, and Osteoporotic Fractures [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Arthritis & Rheumatism Vol. 49(7), pp. 1378-1385	article	OPEN
Abstract: Objective. To examine the association between osteoarthritis (OA), as defined by radiographic evidence and self report, and osteoporotic fractures, falls, and bone loss in a cohort of elderly white women. Methods. A cohort of 5,552 elderly women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures was followed up prospectively for a mean of 7.4 years. Self-reported, physician-diagnosed OA was recorded at interview, and radiologic OA of the hip and hand were defined from pelvis and hand radiographs obtained at baseline by validated techniques. Prevalent and incident vertebral fractures were detected by vertebral morphometry, and data on incident fractures and falls were collected by postcard surveys; fractures were confirmed by radiography. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured on 2 occasions at the hip, lumbar spine, and calcaneus, and rates of bone loss were calculated. Results. Women with radiographic hip OA had a reduced risk of recurrent falls in the first year (relative risk [RR] 0.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5– 0.95). However, those with self-reported OA had an increased risk of falls (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.5). Radiographic hip OA was associated with reduced bone loss in the femoral neck compared with controls (mean 6 SD 20.29 6 0.09%/year versus 20.51 6 0.03%/year; P 5 0.018). However, radiographic hip OA showed nonsignificant trends toward increased bone loss at the calcaneus and lumbar spine. There was no significant association between self-reported OA or radiographic hand OA with bone loss. No definition of OA was associated with incident nonvertebral fracture, hip fracture, or vertebral fracture. Conclusion. Despite having increased BMD compared with controls, subjects with OA did not have a significantly reduced risk of osteoporotic fracture, although there was a trend toward a reduced risk of femoral neck fractures in subjects with severe radiographic OA. The failure of the observed increase in BMD to translate into a reduced fracture risk may be due, in part, to the number and type of falls sustained by subjects with OA. Patients with OA should not be considered to be at a lower risk of fracture than the general population. Physicians should be aware that a high BMD in patients with OA may be falsely reassuring.
BibTeX: @article{Arden1999, author = {Nigel K. Arden And Michael C. Nevitt And Nancy E. Lane And L. Robert Gore And Marc C. Hochberg And Jean C. Scott And Alice R. Pressman And Steven R. Cummings}, title = {Osteoarthritis and Risk of Falls, Rates of Bone Loss, and Osteoporotic Fractures}, journal = {Arthritis & Rheumatism}, year = {1999}, volume = {49}, number = {7}, pages = {1378-1385} }
Arroyo, A.B.M.	The use of optimal foraging theory to estimate Late Glacial site catchment areas from a central place: The case of eastern Cantabria, Spain [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Vol. 28, pp. 27-36	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: By defining the area of economic influence associated with a given archaeological site, valuable information can be obtained about human occupation patterns, whilst differentiation of the surrounding biotopes facilitates research into the adaptive relationship between subsistence strategy and resource availability. Despite the inherent potential of this type of analysis, its development comes up against important conceptual and methodological limitations. The present article analyses the possibility of using optimal foraging theory, as representative of the hunting behaviour of hunter–gatherer groups, in the accurate objective estimation of the catchment areas of a site. The obtained results are applied to the study of the reasons behind the geographical site specialisations observed in eastern Cantabria, Spain during the Magdalenian.
BibTeX: @article{Arroyo2009, author = {Ana Belén Marín Arroyo}, title = {The use of optimal foraging theory to estimate Late Glacial site catchment areas from a central place: The case of eastern Cantabria, Spain}, journal = {Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}, year = {2009}, volume = {28}, pages = {27-36}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2008.11.001} }
Auerbach, B.M. & Ruff, C.B.	Stature Estimation Formulae for Indigenous North American Populations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 190-207	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Stature estimation methods for adult indigenous humans from the Americas have generally relied on a limited number of regression equations. The available equations, however, are not broadly applicable to the diversity of the populations that lived in the New World prior to European colonization. Furthermore, some equations that have been used were originally derived from inappropriate reference samples, such as the ‘‘Mongoloid’’ group measured by Trotter and Gleser (Am J Phys Anthropol 16 [1958] 79-123). This study develops new stature estimation equations for long bones of the lower limb from a geographically diverse sample of North American archaeological sites. Statures were reconstructed from 967 skeletons from 75 archaeological sites using the revised Fully anatomical technique (Raxter et al., Am J Phys Anthropol 130 [2006] 374-384). Archaeological samples were grouped according to general body proportions, using relative tibia and femur length to stature as guides. On the basis of differences in these proportions, three broad groupings were identified: a high latitude ‘‘arctic’’ group, a general ‘‘temperate’’ group, and a Great Plains group. Sex-specific ordinary least squares regression formulae were developed based on femoral and tibial lengths for each of these groups. Comparisons of the new stature estimation equations with previously available equations were conducted using several archaeological test samples. In most cases, the new stature estimation equations are more precise than those previously available, and we recommend their use throughout most of North America. The equations developed by Genove´s for Mesoamerican and US Southwest samples are a useful alternative for these regions. Applicability of the new equations to South American samples awaits further testing.
BibTeX: @article{Auerbach2010, author = {Benjamin M. Auerbach and Christopher B. Ruff}, title = {Stature Estimation Formulae for Indigenous North American Populations}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {190-207}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21131} }
Baccino, E., Ubelaker, D., Hayek, L. & Zerilli, A.	Evaluation of seven methods of estimating age at death from mature human skeletal remains [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	J Forensic Sci Vol. 44(5), pp. 931-936	article	OPEN
Abstract: Different approaches to the estimation of age at death in mature human skeletal remains were evaluated utilizing samples from 19 recent French autopsy individuals of known age at death. Methods of estimating age at death from single-rooted teeth, the sternal ends of the fourth ribs, the symphyseal face of the pubis and femoral cortical remodeling were evaluated by two independent observers (three observers for the teeth). Comparison included ages estimated from three more comprehensive approaches utilizing data from the application of two or more of the individual methods. The results indicate that the comprehensive approaches are superior to the individual ones and the success of the latter reflects not only the morphological expression of the aging process, but also the technique complexity and the experience of the investigator. Of the individual techniques, the “Lamendin” dental technique was most effective for individuals of ages greater than 25 years.
BibTeX: @article{Baccino1999, author = {E. Baccino And D Ubelaker And L Hayek And A. Zerilli}, title = {Evaluation of seven methods of estimating age at death from mature human skeletal remains}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1999}, volume = {44}, number = {5}, pages = {931-936} }
Bang, G. & Ramm, E.	Determination of age in humans from root dentin transparency [BibTeX]	1970	Acta Odontol Scand Vol. 28, pp. 3-35	article
BibTeX: @article{Bang1970, author = {G. Bang And E. Ramm}, title = {Determination of age in humans from root dentin transparency}, journal = {Acta Odontol Scand}, year = {1970}, volume = {28}, pages = {3-35} }
Bartlett, D. & Shah, P.	A Critical Review of Non-carious Cervical (Wear) Lesions and the Role of Abfraction, Erosion, and Abrasion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Dent Res Vol. 85(4), pp. 306-312	article	OPEN
Abstract: The terms ‘abfraction’ and ‘abrasion’ describe the cause of lesions found along the cervical margins of teeth. Erosion, abrasion, and attrition have all been associated with their formation. Early research suggested that the cause of the V-shaped lesion was excessive horizontal toothbrushing. Abfraction is another possible etiology and involves occlusal stress, producing cervical cracks that predispose the surface to erosion and abrasion. This article critically reviews the literature on abrasion, erosion, and abrasion, and abfraction. The references were obtained by a MEDLINE search in March, 2005, and from this, hand searches were undertaken. From the literature, there is little evidence, apart from laboratory studies, to indicate that abfraction exists other than as a hypothetical component of cervical wear.
BibTeX: @article{Bartlett2006, author = {D.W. Bartlett and P. Shah}, title = {A Critical Review of Non-carious Cervical (Wear) Lesions and the Role of Abfraction, Erosion, and Abrasion}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {2006}, volume = {85}, number = {4}, pages = {306-312} }
Begossi, A.	The ethnoecology of Caiçara metapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Ethnobiol Ethnomed Vol. 2, pp. 40-48	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The Atlantic Forest is represented on the coast of Brazil by approximately 7,5% of remnants, much of these concentrated on the country's SE coast. Within these southeastern remnants, we still find the coastal Caiçaras who descend from Native Indians and Portuguese Colonizers. The maintenance of such populations, and their existence in spite of the deforestation that occurred on the Atlantic Forest coast, deserves especial attention and analysis. In this study, I address, in particular, the Caiçaras who live on the coast of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, illustrating with examples of coastal inhabitants from other areas, such as Bahia State (NE coast) and of other forested areas (riverine caboclos of the Amazon). The major focus of this study, based on previous research, performed since 1986 in several populations or villages of the Atlantic Forest coast, is to understand the resilience of the Caiçaras, which is analyzed using ecological concepts, such as metapopulation, resilience and adaptive cycles. The Caiçara populations are located on islands (Búzios, Comprida, Grande, Ilhabela, Jaguanum, Gipóia) and on the coast (Bertioga, Puruba, Picinguaba, among others). Information gathered about the Caiçaras regarding the economic cycles of the local regions, along with ecological, historical and economic data available, are used to understand such resilience, and are complemented with comparative examples from the Brazilian Amazon and with variables such as the local restrictions imposed by environmental governmental agencies.
BibTeX: @article{Begossi2006, author = {Alpina Begossi}, title = {The ethnoecology of Caiçara metapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions}, journal = {J Ethnobiol Ethnomed}, year = {2006}, volume = {2}, pages = {40-48}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-40} }
Begun, D.R.	How to identify (as opposed to define) a homoplasy: Examples from fossil and living great apes [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Hum Evol Vol. 52, pp. 559-572	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: There is much debate on the definitions of homoplasy and homology, and on how to spot them among character states used in a phylogenetic analysis. Many advocate what I call a ‘‘processual approach,’’ in which information on genetics, development, function, or other criteria help a priori in identifying two character states as homologous or homoplastic. I argue that the processes represented by these criteria are insufficiently known for most organisms and most characters to be reliably used to identify homoplasies and homologies. Instead, while not foolproof, phylogeny should be the ultimate test for homology. Character states are assumed to be homologous a priori because this is falsifiable and because their initial inclusion in the character-state analysis is based on the assumption that they may be phylogenetically informative. If they fall out as symplesiomorphies or synapomorphies in a phylogenetic analysis, their status as homologies remains unfalsified. If they fall out as homoplasies, having evolved independently in more than one clade, their status as homologous is falsified, and a homoplasy is identified. The character-state transformation series, functional morphology, finer levels of morphological comparison, and the distribution and correlation of characters all help to explain the presence of homoplasies in a given phylogeny. Explaining these homoplasies, and not ignoring them as ‘‘noise,’’ should be as much a goal of phylogenetic analysis as the production of a phylogeny. Examples from the fossil record of Miocene hominoids are given to illustrate the advantages of a process-informs-pattern-recognition-after-the-fact approach to understanding the evolution of character states.
BibTeX: @article{Begun2007, author = {David R. Begun}, title = {How to identify (as opposed to define) a homoplasy: Examples from fossil and living great apes}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2007}, volume = {52}, pages = {559-572}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.017} }
Begun, D.R.	Dryopithecus crusafonti sp. nov., a New Miocene Hominoid Species From Can Ponsic (Northeastern Spain) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 87(3), pp. 291-309	article	OPEN
Abstract: Reanalysis of the sample of Miocene Hominoidea from Spain, together with the entire sample of European Miocene Hominoidea, has revealed a number of distinctive traits among the specimens from the early Vallesian locality of Can Ponsic (Crusafont and Hurzeler, 1969; Crusafont and Golpe, 1973; Hartenberger and Crusafont, 1979; Agusti et al., 1984,1985). The Can Ponsic sample, while sharing characteristics with other samples of Dryopithecus from Europe, is sufficiently distinctive to form the basis for a new species. Characteristic of the new species are a distinctive lower molar occlusal morphology, large, broad upper molars, and very high crowned upper central incisors with well-developed lingual pillars. The new species shares characteristics with Dryopithecus Zaietanus, the only other species of the genus in Spain, and lacks derived features of non-Spanish Dryopithecus. Four species of Dryopithecus are now known (Begun, 1987,1988a, and in preparation). Their distribution and morphology have significant implications for the biogeography and phylogeny of this early great ape genus.
BibTeX: @article{Begun1992, author = {Begun, D. R.}, title = {Dryopithecus crusafonti sp. nov., a New Miocene Hominoid Species From Can Ponsic (Northeastern Spain)}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1992}, volume = {87}, number = {3}, pages = {291-309} }
Bobe, R. & Behrensmeyer, A.K.	The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol Vol. 207, pp. 399-420	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The relationship between climatic change and human evolution can be framed in terms of three major hypotheses. A modern version of the long-held savanna hypothesis posits that the expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa was driven by global climatic change and led to the divergence of hominins from the apes and to the origin of the Homo clade. A related idea suggests that hominins originated in the late Miocene, and Homo in the late Pliocene, as constituents of broader pulses of faunal turnover synchronized by episodes of global climatic change. A more recent concept, the variability selection hypothesis, emphasizes the importance of fluctuating climates and environments, rather than any single trend, in shaping human adaptation and evolution. Here we evaluate these ideas for the Plio-Pleistocene in light of new analyses of fossil mammals from the Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia. Our results show that between 4 and 1 Ma (million years ago), there were profound faunal changes in the Turkana Basin. The most important of these changes include significant shifts in the abundance of the common families of mammals, episodes of high faunal turnover, and an increase in the number and abundance of species that show adaptations to grassland ecosystems. Episodes of relatively high faunal turnover occurred in the intervals 3.4–3.2, 2.8– 2.6, 2.4–2.2, and 2.0–1.8 Ma. Paranthropus and Homo appear in the Turkana Basin during successive intervals of high turnover at 2.8–2.6 and at 2.4–2.2 Ma, while the appearance of Homo erectus is coupled to a major episode of turnover and grassland expansion after 2 Ma. Thus, there was not a single turnover pulse of relevance to late Pliocene hominins, but multiple events that successively led to the appearance of Paranthropus, early Homo, and H. erectus. Our results also show evidence of large-scale, 100 ky-periodicity shifts in the fauna beginning at 2.5 Ma, during the time that Homo and lithic artifacts first appear in the Turkana Basin, lending support to the variability selection hypothesis [Science 273 (1996) 922; Potts R., 1996b. Humanity’s Descent: The Consequences of Ecological Instability. Avon Books, New York.] during the latest Pliocene. The savanna hypothesis may not explain the divergence of hominins from other apes, but it could be correct in stressing the importance of grasslands to the early evolution of Homo. The fundamental importance of grasslands may lie in the complexity and heterogeneity they added to the range of habitats available to the early species of the genus Homo. The turnover pulse hypothesis [Vrba, E.S., 1988. Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: Grine, F.E (Ed.). Evolutionary History of the ‘‘Robust’’ Australopithecines. Aldine, New York, pp. 405–426; Vrba, E.S., 1995. The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.). Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, pp. 385–424.] may be correct in linking critical events in human evolution to broader pulses of faunal change ultimately driven by climate, but our results show that any such link is complex, with at least four rather than one pulse of change during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene of the Turkana Basin.
BibTeX: @article{Bobe2004, author = {René Bobe and Anna K. Behrensmeyer}, title = {The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo}, journal = {Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol}, year = {2004}, volume = {207}, pages = {399-420}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.09.033} }
Bobe, R., Behrensmeyer, A.K. & Chapman, R.E.	Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Hum Evol Vol. 42, pp. 475-497	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Global change during the late Pliocene was manifested in declining temperatures, increased amplitude of climate cycles, and shifts in the periodicity of orbital climate forcing. Linking these changes to the evolution of African continental faunas and to hominin evolution requires well-documented fossil evidence that can be examined through substantial periods of time. The Omo sequence of southern Ethiopia provides such a database, and we use it to analyze change in the abundances of mammal taxa at different levels of temporal and taxonomic resolution between 4 and 2Ma. This study provides new evidence for shifts through time in the ecological dominance of suids, cercopithecids, and bovids, and for a trend from more forested to more open woodland habitats. Superimposed on these long-term trends are two episodes of faunal change, one involving a marked shift in the abundances of different taxa at about 2·8+-0·1 Ma, and the second the transition at 2·5 Ma from a 200-ka interval of faunal stability to marked variability over intervals of about 100 ka. The first appearance of Homo, the earliest artefacts, and the extinction of non-robust Australopithecus in the Omo sequence coincide in time with the beginning of this period of high variability. We conclude that climate change caused significant shifts in vegetation in the Omo paleo-ecosystem and is a plausible explanation for the gradual ecological change from forest to open woodland between 3·4 and 2·0 Ma, the faunal shift at 2·8+-0·1 Ma, and the change in the tempo of faunal variability of 2·5 Ma. Climate forcing in the late Pliocene is more clearly indicated by population shifts within the Omo mammal community than by marked turnover at the species level.
BibTeX: @article{Bobe2002, author = {René Bobe and Anna K. Behrensmeyer and Ralph E. Chapman}, title = {Faunal change, environmental variability and late Pliocene hominin evolution}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2002}, volume = {42}, pages = {475-497}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0535} }
Bocaege, E., Humphrey, L. & Hillson, S.	Technical Note: A New Three-Dimensional Technique for High Resolution Quantitative Recording of Perikymata [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 498-503	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The number and spacing of incremental markings at the enamel surface, known as perikymata, are considered important indicators of dental growth patterns, as they provide information on crown formation times and the underlying developmental processes. This study explores the potential of a new three-dimensional technique for the reconstruction of dental growth profiles, using teeth from a medieval child from Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The crowns of three anterior teeth were imaged and analyzed using the Alicona 3D InfiniteFocus imaging microscope. Individual perikyma grooves can be unambiguously identified on a profile of the reconstructed enamel surface and direct distances between successive pairs of perikyma grooves can be calculated from coordinate data. This quantitative approach constitutes a more objective way to record perikymata spacing than current methods.
BibTeX: @article{Bocaege2010, author = {E. Bocaege and L.T. Humphrey and S. Hillson}, title = {Technical Note: A New Three-Dimensional Technique for High Resolution Quantitative Recording of Perikymata}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {498-503}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21233} }
Bolaños, M.V., Moussab, H., Manriquea, M.C. & Bolaños, M.J.	Radiographic evaluation of third molar development in Spanish children and young people [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 133, pp. 212-219	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Third molar development was evaluated in 786 young people aged between 4 and 20 years, all patients at the School of Dentistry of the University of Granada. The development of thirdmolars and ofmandibular second premolars and secondmolars was determined according to the stages proposed by Nolla. The onset of mandibular third molar formation was observed at very variable ages in this series, ranging from 5.86 to 14.66 years. The ﬁrst developmental stages of maxillary third molars are not usually visible radiographically, which can lead to an incorrect diagnosis of agenesis. We found no signiﬁcant relationship between the gender or age of the patient and the presence or absence of third molars. However, the presence/absence of the third molar can be predicted in 82.82% of cases when there is some degree of calciﬁcation of mandibular second molars and second premolars.
BibTeX: @article{Bolanos2003, author = {María Victoria Bolaños and Hasnae Moussab and María Cinta Manriquea and Manuel Jorge Bolaños}, title = {Radiographic evaluation of third molar development in Spanish children and young people}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2003}, volume = {133}, pages = {212-219}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00037-9} }
Bollinger, S.A., Brumit, P.C., Schrader, B.A. & Senn, D.R.	GrinLine Identiﬁcation Using Digital Imaging and Adobe Photoshop [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(2), pp. 422-427	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to outline a method by which an antemortem photograph of a victim can be critically compared with a postmortem photograph in an effort to facilitate the identification process. Ten subjects, between 27 and 55 years old provided historical pictures of themselves exhibiting a broad smile showing anterior teeth to some extent (a grin). These photos were termed ‘‘antemortem’’ for the purpose of the study. A digital camera was used to take a current photo of each subject’s grin. These photos represented the ‘‘postmortem’’ images. A single subject’s ‘‘postmortem’’ photo set was randomly selected to be the ‘‘unknown victim.’’ These combined data of the unknown and the 10 antemortem subjects were digitally stored and, using Adobe Photoshop software, the images were sized and oriented for comparative analysis. The goal was to devise a technique that could facilitate the accurate determination of which ‘‘antemortem’’ subject was the ‘‘unknown.’’ The generation of antemortem digital overlays of the teeth visible in a grin and the comparison of those overlays to the images of the postmortem dentition is the foundation of the technique. The comparisons made using the GrinLine Identification Technique may assist medical examiners and coroners in making identifications or exclusions.
BibTeX: @article{Bollinger2009, author = {Susan A. Bollinger and Paula C. Brumit and Bruce A. Schrader and David R. Senn}, title = {GrinLine Identiﬁcation Using Digital Imaging and Adobe Photoshop}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {422-427}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00971.x} }
Bone, E.L. & Dart, R.A.	A Catalog of the Australopithecine fossils found at the Limeworks, Makapansgat [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13, pp. 621-624	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Bone1955, author = {Edouart L. Bone And Raymond A. Dart}, title = {A Catalog of the Australopithecine fossils found at the Limeworks, Makapansgat}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, pages = {621-624} }
Bonnefille, R., Potts, R., Chalie, F., Jolly, D. & Peyron, O.	High-resolution vegetation and climate change associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Proc Natl Acad Sci Vol. 101(33), pp. 12125–12129	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Plio-Pleistocene global climate change is believed to have had an important influence on local habitats and early human evolution in Africa. Responses of hominin lineages to climate change have been difficult to test, however, because this procedure requires well documented evidence for connections between global climate and hominin environment. Through high-resolution pollen data from Hadar, Ethiopia, we show that the hominin Australopithecus afarensis accommodated to substantial environmental variability between 3.4 and 2.9 million years ago. A large biome shift, up to 5°C cooling, and a 200- to 300-mm/yr rainfall increase occurred just before 3.3 million years ago, which is consistent with a global marine d18o isotopic shift.
BibTeX: @article{Bonnefille2004, author = {R. Bonnefille and R. Potts and F. Chalie and D. Jolly and O. Peyron}, title = {High-resolution vegetation and climate change associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci}, year = {2004}, volume = {101}, number = {33}, pages = {12125–12129}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401709101} }
Bourdon, J.-C., Fernandes, K., Murray-Zmijewski, F., Liu, G., Diot, A., Xirodimas, D.P., Saville, M.K. & Lane, D.P.	p53 isoforms can regulate p53 transcriptional activity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Genes & Development Vol. 19, pp. 2122-2137	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The recently discovered p53-related genes, p73 and p63, express multiple splice variants and N-terminally truncated forms initiated from an alternative promoter in intron 3. To date, no alternative promoter and multiple splice variants have been described for the p53 gene. In this study, we show that p53 has a gene structure similar to the p73 and p63 genes. The human p53 gene contains an alternative promoter and transcribes multiple splice variants. We show that p53 variants are expressed in normal human tissue in a tissue-dependent manner. We determine that the alternative promoter is conserved through evolution from Drosophila to man, suggesting that the p53 family gene structure plays an essential role in the multiple activities of the p53 family members. Consistent with this hypothesis, p53 variants are differentially expressed in human breast tumors compared with normal breast tissue. We establish that p53 can bind differentially to promoters and can enhance p53 target gene expression in a promoter-dependent manner, while 133p53 is dominant-negative toward full-length p53, inhibiting p53-mediated apoptosis. The differential expression of the p53 isoforms in human tumors may explain the difficulties in linking p53 status to the biological properties and drug sensitivity of human cancer.
BibTeX: @article{Bourdon2005, author = {Jean-Christophe Bourdon and Kenneth Fernandes and Fiona Murray-Zmijewski and Geng Liu and Alexandra Diot and Dimitris P. Xirodimas and Mark K. Saville and David P. Lane}, title = {p53 isoforms can regulate p53 transcriptional activity}, journal = {Genes & Development}, year = {2005}, volume = {19}, pages = {2122-2137}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1339905} }
Bramble, D.M. & Lieberman, D.E.	Endurance running and the evolution of Homo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Nature Vol. 432, pp. 345-352	article	OPEN
Abstract: Striding bipedalism is a key derived behaviour of hominids that possibly originated soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Although bipedal gaits include walking and running, running is generally considered to have played no major role in human evolution because humans, like apes, are poor sprinters compared to most quadrupeds. Here we assess how well humans perform at sustained long-distance running, and review the physiological and anatomical bases of endurance running capabilities in humans and other mammals. Judged by several criteria, humans perform remarkably well at endurance running, thanks to a diverse array of features, many of which leave traces in the skeleton. The fossil evidence of these features suggests that endurance running is a derived capability of the genus Homo, originating about 2 million years ago, and may have been instrumental in the evolution of the human body form.
BibTeX: @article{Bramble2004, author = {Dennis M. Bramble and Daniel E. Lieberman}, title = {Endurance running and the evolution of Homo}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, volume = {432}, pages = {345-352} }
Brickley, M.	Rib Fractures in the Archaeological Record: A Useful Source of Sociocultural Information? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Int J Osteoarchaeol Vol. 16, pp. 61-75	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Investigation of palaeopathological fractures has been shown to provide important information on past societies. However, despite the fact that rib fractures are amongst the most commonly recorded types of fractures in archaeological bone, little attention has been paid to them. Although there will be sites with badly preserved ribs, making their study difficult, this will not always be the case. Recent clinical investigations have highlighted the potential significance of rib fractures with regard to morbidity and mortality, and their importance in relation to health is now appreciated. This study investigates rib fractures in 352 adults from St. Martin’s churchyard, Birmingham, England. The crude prevalence of rib fractures was found to be 15.6% and the true prevalence rate 2.3%. The majority of the fractures occurred in males, and those buried in vaults were less likely to have a fracture than individuals from earth-cut graves. In 11 individuals the fractures were healing at the time of death, and in these cases death was probably related to one of the complications that are frequently linked to fractured ribs. Certain types of accidents may have been linked to these more serious fractures, as 70% occurred in the same anatomical area. Other rib fractures were associated with pathological conditions, such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis. Overall, the study of the rib fractures in this collection provided valuable information that aided interpretation of the lifeways of individuals investigated. It is argued that where preservation permits, studies of fractures in archaeological bone should include ribs.
BibTeX: @article{Brickley2006, author = {M. Brickley}, title = {Rib Fractures in the Archaeological Record: A Useful Source of Sociocultural Information?}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {2006}, volume = {16}, pages = {61-75}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.809} }
Brooks, S.T.	Skeletal age at death: the reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(4), pp. 567-597	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Brooks1955, author = {Brooks, S. T.}, title = {Skeletal age at death: the reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {567--597} }
Bruner, E.	Geometric morphometrics and paleoneurology: brain shape evolution in the genus Homo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Hum Evol Vol. 47, pp. 279-303	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Paleoneurology concerns the study and analysis of fossil endocasts. Together with cranial capacity and discrete anatomical features, shape can be analysed to consider the spatial relationships between structures and to investigate the endocranial structural system. A sample of endocasts from fossil specimens of the genus Homo has been analysed using traditional metrics and 2D geometric morphometrics based on lateral projections of endocranial shape. The maximum and frontal widths show a size-related pattern of variation shared by all the taxa considered. Furthermore, as cranial capacity increases in the non-modern morphotypes there is a general endocranial vertical stretching (mainly centred at the anterior ascending circumvolution) with flattening and relative shortening of the parietal areas. This pattern could have involved some structural stress between brain development and vault bones at the parietal midsagittal profile in the heavy encephalised Neandertals. In contrast, modern humans show a species-specific neomorphic hypertrophy of the parietal volumes, leading to a dorsal growth and ventral flexion (convolution) and consequent globularity of the whole structure. Brain tensors such as the falx cerebri have been hypothesised to represent one of the main physical constraints on morphogenetic trajectories, with additional influences from cranial base structures. The neurofunctional inferences discussed here stress the role of the parietal areas in the visuo-spatial coordination and integration, which can be involved in higher cerebral functions and related to conceptual thinking.
BibTeX: @article{Bruner2004, author = {Emiliano Bruner}, title = {Geometric morphometrics and paleoneurology: brain shape evolution in the genus Homo}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2004}, volume = {47}, pages = {279-303}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.009} }
Bruner, E., Manzi, G. & Arsuaga, J.L.	Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: Evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Proc Natl Acad Sci Vol. 100(26), pp. 15335-15340	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The term ‘‘encephalization’’ is commonly used to describe an enlargement in brain size, considered as either absolute endocranial volumes or relative values in relation to body size. It is widely recognized that a considerable endocranial expansion occurred throughout the evolution of the genus Homo. This article aims to evaluate whether this phenomenon was the outcome of distinct evolutionary lineages, reaching similar brain expansions but through different trajectories. Endocranial morphology was studied in a sample of fossil hominines by multivariate approaches using both traditional metrics and geometric morphometrics. The analysis was focused on the transition from a generalized archaic pattern within the genus Homo to the modern morphology and compared with changes that occurred along the Neandertal lineage. The main result was the identification of two different evolutionary trajectories, in which a similar expansion in endocranial size has been reached by different changes in shape. Along the Neandertal lineage we observed maintenance of an ‘‘archaic’’ endocranial model, in which a large amount of variability is based on a single allometric trend. By contrast, when modern endocasts were compared with nonmodern ones, we found important differences apparently led by a parietal expansion. In this light, the origin of our species may have represented the opportunity to surpass the constraints imposed on encephalization by the ontogenetic pattern shared by nonmodern Homo representatives.
BibTeX: @article{Bruner2003, author = {Emiliano Bruner and Giorgio Manzi and Juan Luis Arsuaga}, title = {Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: Evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {100}, number = {26}, pages = {15335-15340}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536671100} }
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam†, D., Mackaye, H.T., Likius, A., Ahounta, D., Beauvilain, A., Blonde, C., Bocherensk, H., Boisserie, J.-R., Bonis, L.D., Coppens, Y., Dejax, J., Denys, C., Duringerq, P., Eisenmann, V., Fanone, G., Fronty, P., Geraads, D., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., Louchart, A., Mahamat, A., Merceron, G., Mouchelin, G., Otero, O., Campomanes, P.P., Leon, M.P.D., Rage, J.-C., Sapanetkk, M., Schusterq, M., Sudrek, J., Tassy, P., Valentin, X., Vignaud, P., Viriot, L., Zazzo, A. & Zollikofer, C.	A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Nature Vol. 418, pp. 145-152	article	OPEN
Abstract: The search for the earliest fossil evidence of the human lineage has been concentrated in East Africa. Here we report the discovery of six hominid specimens from Chad, central Africa, 2,500 km from the East African Rift Valley. The fossils include a nearly complete cranium and fragmentary lower jaws. The associated fauna suggest the fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old. The fossils display a unique mosaic of primitive and derived characters, and constitute a new genus and species of hominid. The distance from the Rift Valley, and the great antiquity of the fossils, suggest that the earliest members of the hominid clade were more widely distributed than has been thought, and that the divergence between the human and chimpanzee lineages was earlier than indicated by most molecular studies.
BibTeX: @article{Brunet2002, author = {Michel Brunet and Franck Guy and David Pilbeam† and Hassane Taisso Mackaye and Andossa Likius and Djimdoumalbaye Ahounta and Alain Beauvilain and Cécile Blonde and Hervé Bocherensk and Jean-Renaud Boisserie and Louis De Bonis and Yves Coppens and Jean Dejax and Christiane Denys and Philippe Duringerq and Véra Eisenmann and Gongdibé Fanone and Pierre Fronty and Denis Geraads and Thomas Lehmann and Fabrice Lihoreau and Antoine Louchart and Adoum Mahamat and Gildas Merceron and Guy Mouchelin and Olga Otero and Pablo Pelaez Campomanes and Marcia Ponce De Leon and Jean-Claude Rage and Michel Sapanetkk and Mathieu Schusterq and Jean Sudrek and Pascal Tassy and Xavier Valentin and Patrick Vignaud and Laurent Viriot and Antoine Zazzo and Christoph Zollikofer}, title = {A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2002}, volume = {418}, pages = {145-152} }
Burns, K.R. & Maples, W.	Estimation of Age from Individual Adult Teeth [BibTeX]	1976	J Forensic Sci Vol. 21(2), pp. 343-356	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Burns1976, author = {K. R. Burns and W.R. Maples}, title = {Estimation of Age from Individual Adult Teeth}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1976}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {343-356} }
Buschang, P.H.	Differential long bone growth of children between two months and eleven years of age. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1982	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 58(3), pp. 291-295	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Diaphyseal lengths of the humerus, radius, femur and tibia of upper-middle class While children between two months and 11 years of age show positive allometric growth, indicating substantial shape or proportional change. The segments of the lower extremity display greater allometric increase than the humerus and radius; variation in relative growth within each extremity is small and inconsistent. Sex differences are consistent, with slightly greater proportional increases demonstrated for boys. The results suggest that absolute intralimb variation in growth, following a disto-proximo growth or maturity gradient, is due to initial differences in size or scale and not to differences in patterns of growth. Developmental variation between extremities is due to scaling plus variation in relative growth patterns.
BibTeX: @article{Buschang1982, author = {Buschang, P. H.}, title = {Differential long bone growth of children between two months and eleven years of age.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1982}, volume = {58}, number = {3}, pages = {291--295}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330580307 } }
Bush, M.A., Miller, R.G., Bush, P.J. & Dorion, R.B.J.	Biomechanical Factors in Human Dermal Bitemarks in a Cadaver Model [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(1), pp. 167-176	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In bitemark analysis, the forensic odontologist must consider how the biomechanical properties of the skin contribute to distortion of the bitemark. In addition, one must consider how the bitemark can be distorted by postural movement of the victim after the bite has occurred. A fundamental review of the architecture and biomechanical properties of the dermis is described and evaluated through bites made on cadavers. In order to assess distortion, 23 bites from a single characterized dentition were made on un-embalmed cadaver skin. Bite indentations were photo- graphed. Following various body manipulations they were re-photographed in different positions. Hollow volume overlays of the biting dentition were constructed, and metric analysis of the dentition and all bitemarks was completed. The overall intercanine, mesial to distal, and angle of rotation distortion was calculated. Of the 23 bites made, none were measurably identical, and in some cases, dramatic distortion was noted.
BibTeX: @article{Bush2009, author = {Mary A. Bush and Raymond G. Miller and and Peter J. Bush and Robert B. J. Dorion}, title = {Biomechanical Factors in Human Dermal Bitemarks in a Cadaver Model}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {167-176}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00908.x} }
Büken, B., Erzengin, Ö.U., Büken, E., Safak, A.A., Yazıcı, B. & Erkol, Z.	Comparison of the three age estimation methods: Which is more reliable for Turkish children? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 183, pp. 103.e1-103.e7	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Three atlases—the GÖK, the Greulich–Pyle (GP), and the Tanner–Whitehouse (TW3)—are used frequently for age determination in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of these three methods related to the skeletal age assessment for Turkish adolescents. Materials and methods: The conventional roentgenograms of the left hands and wrists, elbows, shoulders, and pelvises of 333 healthy Caucasian children (164 females, 169males)who ﬁt the study and the criteria of each atlas were obtained. The mean differences (+- standard deviation [S.D.] in years) between the chronologic age (CA) and the skeletal age (BA), which were obtained by using each age estimation method, were calculated and tested using t-test. Results: For girls, the most accurate method was the TW3 (mean differences (d): -0.21 (p < 0.05)), following by the GP (d: 0.66 (p < 0.001), and the GÖK(d: 2.99 (p < 0.001)). For boys, the most accurate method was the GP (d: -0.02 (p > 0.05)), followed by the TW3 (d: -0.18 (p < 0.05)) and GÖK (d: 1.05 (p < 0.001)). Discussion and conclusions: Results show that the TW3 (for girls) and the GP (for boys) methods aremore appropriate than the GÖK atlas for estimating the BA. GÖK could be used for boys aged 11–14 years but it should not be used for girls.
BibTeX: @article{Bueken2009, author = {Bora Büken and Ömer Utku Erzengin and Erhan Büken and Alp Alper Safak and Burhan Yazıcı and Zerrin Erkol}, title = {Comparison of the three age estimation methods: Which is more reliable for Turkish children?}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2009}, volume = {183}, pages = {103.e1-103.e7}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.10.012} }
Carnese, F.R., Mendisco, F., Keyser, C., Dejean, C.B., Dugoujon, J.-M., Bravi, C.M., Ludes, B. & Crubézy, E.	Paleogenetical Study of Pre-Columbian Samples From Pampa Grande (Salta, Argentina) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 452-462	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Ancient DNA recovered from 21 individuals excavated from burial sites in the Pampa Grande (PG) region (Salta province) of North-Western Argentina (NWA) was analyzed using various genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA, autosomal STRs, and Y chromosomal STRs). The results were compared to ancient and modern DNA from various populations in the Andean and North Argentinean regions, with the aim of establishing their relationships with PG. The mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies described (11% A, 47% B, and 42% D) presented values comparable to those found for the ancient Andean populations from Peru and San Pedro de Atacama. On the other hand, mitochondrial and Y chromosomal haplotypes were specific to PG, as they did not match any other of the South American populations studied. The described genetic diversity indicates homogeneity in the genetic structure of the ancient Andean populations, which was probably facilitated by the intense exchange network in the Andean zone, in particular among Tiwanaku, San Pedro de Atacama, and NWA. The discovery of haplotypes unique to PG could be due to a loss of genetic diversity caused by recent events affecting the autochthonous populations (establishment of the Inca Empire in the region, colonization by the Europeans).
BibTeX: @article{Carnese2010, author = {Fransisco R. Carnese and Fanny Mendisco and Christine Keyser and Cristina B. Dejean and Jean-Michel Dugoujon and Claudio M. Bravi and Bertrand Ludes and Eric Crubézy}, title = {Paleogenetical Study of Pre-Columbian Samples From Pampa Grande (Salta, Argentina)}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {452-462}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21165} }
Caro, C., Quinteros, Z. & Mendoza, V.	Ecología Aplicada. Identificación de indicadores de conservación para la reserva nacional de Junín, Perú [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Ecología Aplicada Vol. 6(1-2), pp. 67-74	article	OPEN
Abstract: The National Reserve of Junin, considered a RAMSAR site is suffering different kinds of problems that are causing worry among local inhabitants. Taking this into consideration and responding to needs of information to help stakeholders in managing this important natural area, a kit of 24 indicators were determined in order to be used in the follow up conservation processes developed in the area. Indicators were built taking into consideration aims and objectives determined by local inhabitants as well as the main characteristics of the Reserve. This was done in order to value state, stress, impact and response of human activities on the most important natural resources and environmental services of this protected natural area. This research pretended to generate a methodology that can link society and environmental parameters using the adaptative ecosystem management framework, which highlights both social values and scientific aspects of the environment.
BibTeX: @article{Caro2007, author = {Claudia Caro and Zulema Quinteros and Verónika Mendoza}, title = {Ecología Aplicada. Identificación de indicadores de conservación para la reserva nacional de Junín, Perú}, journal = {Ecología Aplicada}, year = {2007}, volume = {6}, number = {1-2}, pages = {67-74} }
Cazorla, D.J., Acosta, M.E., Zárraga, A. & Morales, P.	Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de enterobiasis en preescolares y escolares de Taratara, Estado Falcón, Venezuela [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Parasitol Latinoam Vol. 61, pp. 43-53	article	OPEN
Abstract: Between July and November 2004, a survey was conducted in order to investigate the clinical and epidemiological profiles of enterobiasis in 100 preschool (2-5 years) and primary school (6-12 years) aged children, from a rural village in north western semiarid region, Falcon state, Venezuela. Symptoms associated to oxiuriasis, including anal pruritus, perianal lesions, bruxism, enuresis, as well as children behaviours (finger sucking, hand washing, etc.), were determined by means of clinical examination and anamnesis. The Graham technique (perianal swabs with an adhesive cellulose tape) was used to perform the parasitological diagnosis. The overall prevalence was high (45%). There was no difference in the prevalence between sexes (χ2 = 0, 0016; p= 0,968) or ages (χ2 = 0,087; p= 0,769). Anal pruritus was the most common clinical finding and the only one significantly associated with enterobiasis, being detected in 33% of in infected children and in 24% of non parasitized ones. Graffar analysis revealed that the majority of children belong to the poorer socioeconomic strata: IV (77, 6%) and V (17, 2%). The following risk factors appeared to be significantly related to transmission and endemic maintenance of enterobiasis: pet playing (OR= 3,90), overcrowding (OR= 2,4), mother’s low level education (OR= 7,88) and non-potable water consuming (OR= 1,01). Aerosol, inhalation and retroinfection dissemination, instead of via hand- anus-mouth, should be playing a relevant role in the transmission of Enterobius vermicularis among children.
BibTeX: @article{Cazorla2006, author = {Dalmiro J. Cazorla and María E. Acosta and Anavelín Zárraga and Pedro Morales}, title = {Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de enterobiasis en preescolares y escolares de Taratara, Estado Falcón, Venezuela}, journal = {Parasitol Latinoam}, year = {2006}, volume = {61}, pages = {43-53} }
Cela, C.J.	El estado de la cuestión: La filogénesis de los homínidos [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Diálogo Filosófico Vol. 53, pp. 228-258	article	OPEN
Abstract: La pregunta acerca de qué es un humano tiene una respuesta trivial: cualquier individuo perteneciente a la especie Homo sapiens. Pero si nos interrogamos por el sentido de lo que es un ser humano, cuáles son los rasgos distintivos respecto de otras especies, cómo evolucionaron y por qué, en qué medida los antecesores nuestros dispon ían de ellos y dónde y cuándo vivieron esos ancestros, entonces entramos en un terreno de difícil recorrido. En los últimos siete millones de años existieron varias especies a las que cabe llamar «humanas» o, por lo menos, «homínidas». Es éste un repaso breve y muy sintético de lo que supuso tal panorama diverso y dinámico que conduciría, a la postre, a los humanos actuales. Nuestras propias características adquieren una nueva luz cuando se contemplan a lo largo del proceso de su filogénesis.
BibTeX: @article{Cela2002, author = {Camilo José Cela}, title = {El estado de la cuestión: La filogénesis de los homínidos}, journal = {Diálogo Filosófico}, year = {2002}, volume = {53}, pages = {228-258} }
Cela-Conde, C.J.	The meaning of Hominidae [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	Human Evolution Vol. 13(3-4), pp. 251-264	article	OPEN
Abstract: Traditional taxonomy of Hominoidea collides head on with the latest proposals of classification, grounded on molecular studies. Therefore, the common-sense meaning of "hominidae" does not fit some of the current technical meaning anymore. Besides, there is no consensus among molecular scholars about what genera should be placed into the Hominidae family. Some possible solution to this problem are examined in this article. It is eventually proposed a tentative classification of humans and great apes that, keeping the traditional Hominidae family (Simpson), might be accepted from the point of view of cladistic and molecular studies.
BibTeX: @article{Cela-Conde1998, author = {C. J. Cela-Conde}, title = {The meaning of Hominidae}, journal = {Human Evolution}, year = {1998}, volume = {13}, number = {3-4}, pages = {251-264} }
Chang, H.-P., Chuang, M.-C., Yang, Y.-H., Liu, P.-H., Chang, C.-H., Cheng, C.-F. & Lai, J.-P.	Maxillofacial Growth in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting: An Interim Evaluation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Vol. 115(3), pp. 687-695	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This study evaluates the effect of alveolar bone grafting on the maxillofacial growth in children of mixed dentition with unilateral complete cleft lip–cleft palate. Twenty patients received an iliac crest alveolar bone graft between the ages of 6 years 10 months and 10 years 10months, whereas 20matched controls between the ages of 6 years 11 months and 10 years 6 months did not. Geometric morphometric assessments were used to localize alterations between the initial and final cephalographs in the two groups of cleft children, using Procrustes analysis and thin-plate spline analysis, in addition to conventional cephalometric techniques. It is concluded that no statistically significant difference in maxillofacial growth was found between the cleft children having received secondary alveolar bone grafting and the nongraft controls in general during the first to third postoperative years. Further investigation will be undertaken to determine the long-term effects after the age of skeletal maturity.
BibTeX: @article{Chang2005, author = {Hong-Po Chang and Min-Chi Chuang and Yi-Hsin Yang and Pao-Hsin Liu and Chih-Han Chang and Chen-Feng Cheng and Jui-Pin Lai}, title = {Maxillofacial Growth in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting: An Interim Evaluation}, journal = {Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery}, year = {2005}, volume = {115}, number = {3}, pages = {687-695}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.PRS.0000152432.24053.52} }
Clark, J., Dobson, S., Antón, S., Hawks, J., Hunley, K. & Wolpofff, M.	Identifying Artiﬁcially Deformed Crania [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Int J Osteoarchaeol Vol. 17, pp. 596-607	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In this paper we report on a new discriminant function for the identiﬁcation of artiﬁcially deformed crania. Development of the function, based on a sample of deformed and undeformed crania from the Philippines, required visual classiﬁcation of the sample into deformed and undeformed groups. Working from the observation that deformed crania display ﬂattened frontal and occipital regions, the sample was seriated based on degree of ﬂattening; classiﬁcation was based on the results of this seriation. The discriminant function, calculated using curvature indices, required only six simple measurements: arc and chord measurements for the frontal (glabella to bregma), parietals (bregma to lambda) and occipital (lambda to opisthion). The function was designed to be conservative, in that a deformed cranium may be classiﬁed as undeformed, but the opposite should not occur. Our function classiﬁed the undeformed crania with 100% accuracy and deformed crania with 76.9% accuracy, for a total of 91.9%agreement with visual classiﬁcation. In order to evaluate whether the function is applicable for samples from outside the Philippines, a double blind test was conducted with a large sample of deformed and undeformed crania from a broad geographical and temporal range. For this sample, the function agreed with visual classiﬁcation in 89.7% of cases; 98.8% of undeformed crania were correctly classiﬁed, while deformed crania were identiﬁed with 73.7% accuracy. These results demonstrate the utility of the new discriminant function for the classiﬁcation of artiﬁcially deformed crania from diverse contexts.
BibTeX: @article{Clark2007, author = {J.L. Clark And S.D. Dobson And S.C. Antón And J. Hawks And K.L. Hunley And M.H. Wolpofff}, title = {Identifying Artiﬁcially Deformed Crania}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {2007}, volume = {17}, pages = {596-607}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.910} }
Constans, J.; Hazout, S.G.R.M.G.D.C. &.S.E.K.	Population distribution of the human vitamin D binding protein: anthropological considerations. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 107-122	article		URL
Abstract: The polymorphism of the serum vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in humans is based on the existence of three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2, and 84 rare alleles. The geographical distribution of Gc1F, Gc1S, and Gc2 alleles shows north to south clines, together with a balanced equilibrium between the Gc1F or Gc1S allele frequency and the Gc2 frequency. The distribution of the FST values shows high variability within a geographical area. For European and North Asiatic groups, the FST values are the lowest observed, and the reason may be a long process of homogenization. Aboriginal populations from Australia and New Guinea and groups from both North Africa and South America show the greatest heterogeneity of their allele frequencies. Systematic factors such as genetic drift and selection may account for this distribution. In contrast with the three main DBP alleles, the distribution of the rare alleles corresponds to patterns of human migrations that occurred during prehistoric and historic periods. Thus, the rare mutants are of particular relevance to anthropological and genetical investigations.
BibTeX: @article{Constans1985, author = {Constans, J.; Hazout, S.; Garruto R. M.; Gajdusek D. C. & Spees E. K.}, title = {Population distribution of the human vitamin D binding protein: anthropological considerations.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {107--122}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680110 } }
Coolidge, F.L. & Wynn, T.	Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Cambridge Archaeological Journal Vol. 11(2), pp. 255-260	article	OPEN
Abstract: A core question of cognitive archaeology is the evolution of modern thinking. In this article, it is argued that a cluster of specific cognitive abilities, / executive functions', was one of the key evolutionary acquisitions that led to the development of modern thinking. A review of the history of executive functions is presented as well as current opinions as to their nature and genetic basis. Examples are also presented from the cognitive archaeological record that may be representative of executive functions in the evolution of modern thought.
BibTeX: @article{Coolidge2001, author = {Frederick L. Coolidge and Thomas Wynn}, title = {Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens}, journal = {Cambridge Archaeological Journal}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {255-260} }
von Cramon-Taubadel, N., Frazier, B.C. & Lahr, M.M.	The Problem of Assessing Landmark Error in Geometric Morphometrics: Theory, Methods, and Modifications [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 134, pp. 24-35	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Geometric morphometric methods rely on the accurate identification and quantification of landmarks on biological specimens. As in any empirical analysis, the assessment of inter- and intra-observer error is desirable. A review of methods currently being employed to assess measurement error in geometric morphometrics was conducted and three general approaches to the problem were identified. One such approach employs Generalized Procrustes Analysis to superimpose repeatedly digitized landmark configurations, thereby establishing whether repeat measures fall within an acceptable range of variation. The potential problem of this error assessment method (the ‘‘Pinocchio effect’’) is demonstrated and its effect on error studies discussed. An alternative approach involves employing Euclidean distances between the configuration centroid and repeat measures of a landmark to assess the relative repeatability of individual landmarks. This method is also potentially problematic as the inherent geometric properties of the specimen can result in misleading estimates of measurement error. A third approach involved the repeated digitization of landmarks with the specimen held in a constant orientation to assess individual landmark precision. This latter approach is an ideal method for assessing individual landmark precision, but is restrictive in that it does not allow for the incorporation of instrumentally defined or Type III landmarks. Hence, a revised method for assessing landmark error is proposed and described with the aid of worked empirical examples.
BibTeX: @article{Cramon-Taubadel2007, author = {Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel and Brenda C. Frazier and Marta Mirazón Lahr}, title = {The Problem of Assessing Landmark Error in Geometric Morphometrics: Theory, Methods, and Modifications}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {134}, pages = {24-35}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20616} }
Culley, T.M., Wallace, L.E., Gengler-Nowak, K.M. & Crawford, D.J.	A comparison of two methods of calculating GST, a genetic measure of population differentiation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	American Journal of Botany Vol. 89(3), pp. 460-465	article	OPEN
Abstract: GST is a genetic statistic describing differentiation of populations and has frequently been compared with Hamrick and Godt’s (1989) review of the plant literature. We show here that some comparisons may be inappropriate if GST was calculated in a different way than that used by Hamrick and Godt (HG). An alternative method advocated by Nei is mathematically different from the HG technique, occasionally resulting in different GST values. We reviewed 695 studies that appeared between 1990 and September 1999 that cited Hamrick and Godt (1989) and found that many of these calculated GST according to Nei’s method (46%), with the majority of these papers (61%) including comparisons to Hamrick and Godt’s review. We suggest that if GST estimates are compared across studies, it is most appropriate to calculate them the same way. However, we found that in most cases, the magnitude of difference in GST values was small, suggesting that qualitative comparisons of GST estimates between most studies are probably valid. Nevertheless, we have identi?ed theoretical and empirical situations in which large differences in GST values are likely to arise. Thus, we advise future investigators to carefully consider which method to use in calculating GST for a given data set.
BibTeX: @article{Culley2002, author = {Theresa M. Culley And Lisa E. Wallace And Karla M. Gengler-Nowak And Daniel J. Crawford}, title = {A comparison of two methods of calculating GST, a genetic measure of population differentiation}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, year = {2002}, volume = {89}, number = {3}, pages = {460-465} }
Daegling, D.J. & McGraw, W.S.	Masticatory Stress and the Mechanics of ‘‘Wishboning’’ in Colobine Jaws [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 138, pp. 306-317	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Cercopithecoid monkeys experience relatively high strains along the lingual aspect of the mandibular symphysis because of lateral transverse bending of the mandibular corpora (‘‘wishboning’’) during mastication. Hylander (Am J Phys Anthropol 64 (1984) 1–46; Am Zool 25 (1985) 315–330) demonstrated that the distribution of strains arising from wishboning loads is comprehensible with reference to the mechanics of curved beams. Theory of curved beams suggests that lingual tensile strains are some multiple of labial compressive strains, yet limitations of experimental methods and uncertainty in estimating parameters needed for theoretical calculations have confounded attempts to characterize the magnitude of this disparity of normal strains. We evaluate the theoretical disparity of normal strains in wishboning in comparison to in vitro strains collected under controlled loads for a sample of mandibles representing two colobine species (N 5 6). These data suggest that in colobine monkeys, maximum normal lingual strains should be at least twice maximum labial strains. In addition, we reexamine the distribution of symphyseal stress under an assumption of asymmetric bending, a general approach for calculation of stress appropriate for members that lack a plane of symmetry and are bent along an axis that is not coincident with the member’s principal axes. Under asymmetric bending in colobine mandibles, the effect of symphyseal inclination on lingual strain is mitigating at the superior transverse torus and exacerbating at the inferior transverse torus. Relative compliance of colobine mandibular bone further supports the hypothesis that the structural and material properties of the colobine mandibular symphysis do not represent a morphological strategy for minimizing masticatory strain.
BibTeX: @article{Daegling2009, author = {David J. Daegling and W. Scott McGraw}, title = {Masticatory Stress and the Mechanics of ‘‘Wishboning’’ in Colobine Jaws}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {138}, pages = {306-317}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20929} }
Danforth, R.A., Herschaft, E.E. & Leonowich, J.A.	Operator Exposure to Scatter Radiation from a Portable Hand-held Dental Radiation Emitting Device (AribexTM NOMADTM) While Making 915 Intraoral Dental Radiographs [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(2), pp. 415-421	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Operator exposure to backscatter radiation while using an AribexTM NOMADTM radiation emitting device (a portable, selfcontained, cordless, hand-held dental X-ray unit) was determined while the operator employed various typical and atypical use scenarios during the exposure of 715 digital and / or film-based dental radiographs and 200 study control exposures. Study data was compared to the radiation safety occupational exposure annual Maximum Permissive Dose (MPD) of 50 mSv (5000 mrem) to determine the possible exposure risk to an unprotected operator using this device. The results showed the reproductive organs received the highest dose and the thyroid the least. The average operator whole body dose for the study was determined to be 0.047 mSv (4.47 mrem) or 0.09% of the annual MPD. Extrapolating the data as an expression of averaged annual operator exposure resulted in a whole body dose of 0.4536 mSv (45.36 mrem) or 0.9% of the annual MPD, These results are well below established occupation exposure limits and are compatible with those published by the manufacturer.
BibTeX: @article{Danforth2009, author = {Robert A. Danforth and Edward E. Herschaft and John A. Leonowich}, title = {Operator Exposure to Scatter Radiation from a Portable Hand-held Dental Radiation Emitting Device (AribexTM NOMADTM) While Making 915 Intraoral Dental Radiographs}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {415-421}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00960.x} }
Delgado, M.E.	Patología dental de los antiguos residentes de Alto del Rey (El Tambo, Cauca), suroeste de Colombia (ca. 1200-1600 d. C.) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Boletín de Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia Vol. 19(36), pp. 94-126	article	OPEN
Abstract: The study of dental diseases in ancient human populations seeks to reconstruct and recreate the way of life of ancient populations, these dynamics are directly related to the health-disease state. It also seeks to know the prevalence of present diseases, their causes, and possible relationship with the food habits. In order to do so, a sample of 48 individuals from Alto del Rey was analysed (Cauca, ca. 1200-1600 d.C.). 260 dental pieces, 44 in situ as well as 216 isolate were used. The washing and classification of dental pieces, taphonomic analysis, number of individuals buried, age and sex estimation as well as register, diagnosis and interpretation of pathological conditions were analysed. The results show a moderate-high prevalence of dental diseases such as caries (39,5%), hypoplasia (37,5%) and calculus (43,7%). On other hand dilacerations and periodontal disease show low prevalence (18,7%) and (8,3%). Carbohydrates as well as hard and fibrous vegetables basically composed the diet of this human group. The high vegetable consumption was as well as their precarious dental health were the main cause of some diseases as caries and dental calculus. The paleopathological and archaeological evidences show a complex society with a subsistence pattern based on agriculture.
BibTeX: @article{Delgado2005, author = {Miguel E. Delgado}, title = {Patología dental de los antiguos residentes de Alto del Rey (El Tambo, Cauca), suroeste de Colombia (ca. 1200-1600 d. C.)}, journal = {Boletín de Antropología, Universidad de Antioquia}, year = {2005}, volume = {19}, number = {36}, pages = {94-126} }
Deter, C.A.	Gradients of Occlusal Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 138, pp. 247-254	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Occlusal wear was recorded in maxillary teeth from three North American late Archaic (3385 +365 cal BC) hunter-gatherer sites (n = 306) and late Anasaziearly Zuni agricultural sites (~1300 AD) (n = 87). Comparisons were undertaken using descriptive and inferential statistics to determine differences between these groups, and along the maxillary tooth row. The hunter-gatherers had a significantly greater percentage of occlusal wear than the agriculturalists. For both hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists, occlusal wear was greatest on the central incisors and first molars. The third molars had the least amount of wear. It was inferred from these results that the huntergatherers had a more abrasive diet, and different daily task activities compared to the agriculturalists. One further finding was that wear patterns on anterior and posterior teeth are infiuenced by the order that teeth erupt into the jaw, as well as diet and behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Deter2009, author = {Christina A. Deter}, title = {Gradients of Occlusal Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {138}, pages = {247-254}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20922} }
Didia, B.C., Nduka, E.C. & Adele, O.	Stature Estimation Formulae for Nigerians [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(1), pp. 20-21	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In stature estimation, long limbs and the stature formula of Trotter and Gleser easily come to mind. In the recent past, a lot of workers have established formulae specific to their populations using whole length of limbs, fragmented bones, circumference of long bones, and even length of the vertebrae. We have in this work used tibia length, height of subjects, and the regression models to establish formulae specific to Nigerians. We measured height and tibia length of 200 (96 male and 104 female) adult Nigerians. The tibia length was measured from upper limit of the medial condoyle to the tip of medial malleolus using a measuring tape calibrated in meters while the height of individuals were also measured using meter scales. All measurements were made by one person, to avoid interobserver error, and repeatedly until a constant value is obtained. We obtained general formulae for males and females which compares favorably with that of Duyar and Pelin, and can be relied upon.
BibTeX: @article{Didia2009, author = {Blessing C. Didia and Ethelbert C. Nduka and Okechukwu Adele}, title = {Stature Estimation Formulae for Nigerians}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {20-21}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00915.x} }
DiGangi, E.A., Bethard, J.D., Kimmerle, E.H. & Konigsberg, L.W.	A New Method for Estimating Age-At-Death From the First Rib [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 138, pp. 164-176	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A new method for estimating adult ageat-death from the fist rib was developed as a modification of the Kunos et al. (American Journal of Physical Anthropology 110 (1999) 303–323) method. Data were collected on three aspects of the ?rst rib (costal face, rib head, and tubercle facet) for 470 known-age males of Balkan ancestry collected as evidence during investigations conducted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Ages-at-death range from 12 to 90 years (mean of 47.7 years). Several variables were extracted from the original study utilizing all three skeletal aspects of the first rib. This list was modified to 11 variables as preliminary tests on seriations of the samples were undertaken. A cumulative probit model with age measured on a log scale was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the ages-of-transition for each component. Multivariate analysis of the three components was also performed. The lowest correlation (r 5 0.079, controlling for age) was between the geometric shape of the costal face and the surface texture of the tubercle facet. Assuming a correlation of zero, these two traits were used to calculate the highest posterior density regions for estimating individual ages-at-death. Age-at-death estimates generated from 50 and 95% posterior density regions indicate that this method captures age-related change reaching the ninth decade. The Bayesian statistical approach used here produced a valuable and promising new method for estimating age-at-death. Additional research is necessary to determine if these highest posterior density regions produce results highly correlated with age in other samples and its applicability to females.
BibTeX: @article{DiGangi2009, author = {Elizabeth A. DiGangi and Jonathan D. Bethard and Erin H. Kimmerle and Lyle W. Konigsberg}, title = {A New Method for Estimating Age-At-Death From the First Rib}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {138}, pages = {164-176}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20916} }
Dillehay, T.D., Quivira, M.P., Bonzani, R., Silva, C., Wallner, J. & Quesne, C.L.	Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Antiquity Vol. 81, pp. 949-960	article	OPEN
Abstract: Lands in south-central Chile, long thought to have been marginal until the Spanish conquest, are here shown to have been developing complex societies between at least AD 1000 and 1500. Part of the motor was provided by coastland cultivation on raised platforms, here identiﬁed and surveyed for the ﬁrst time. The authors date the ﬁeld systems and suggest that they were introduced by farmers from the north seeking wetlands in the face of increasing aridity in the central Andes and southern Amazon.
BibTeX: @article{Dillehay2007, author = {Tom D. Dillehay and Mario Pino Quivira and Renée Bonzani and Claudia Silva and Johannes Wallner and Carlos Le Quesne}, title = {Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change}, journal = {Antiquity}, year = {2007}, volume = {81}, pages = {949-960} }
Dirkmaat, D.C., Cabo, L.L., Ousley, S.D. & Symes, S.A.	New Perpectives in Forensic Anthropology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Yearbook of Physical Anthropology Vol. 51(51)Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, pp. 33-52	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A critical review of the conceptual and practical evolution of forensic anthropology during the last two decades serves to identify two key external factors and four tightly inter-related internal methodological advances that have significantly affected the discipline. These key developments have not only altered the current practice of forensic anthropology, but also its goals, objectives, scope, and definition. The development of DNA analysis techniques served to undermine the classic role of forensic anthropology as a field almost exclusively focused on victim identification. The introduction of the Daubert criteria in the courtroom presentation of scientific testimony accompanied the development of new human comparative samples and tools for data analysis and sharing, resulting in a vastly enhanced role for quantitative methods in human skeletal analysis. Additionally, new questions asked of forensic anthropologists, beyond identity, required sound scientific bases and expanded the scope of the field. This environment favored the incipient development of the interrelated fields of forensic taphonomy, forensic archaeology, and forensic trauma analysis, fields concerned with the reconstruction of events surrounding death. Far from representing the mere addition of new methodological techniques, these disciplines (especially, forensic taphonomy) provide forensic anthropology with a new conceptual framework, which is broader, deeper, and more solidly entrenched in the natural sciences. It is argued that this new framework represents a true paradigm shift, as it modifies not only the way in which classic forensic anthropological questions are answered, but also the goals and tasks of forensic anthropologists, and their perception of what can be considered a legitimate question or problem to be answered within the field.
BibTeX: @article{Dirkmaat2008, author = {Dennis C. Dirkmaat And Luis L. Cabo And Stephen D. Ousley And Steven A. Symes}, title = {New Perpectives in Forensic Anthropology}, booktitle = {Yearbook of Physical Anthropology}, journal = {Yearbook of Physical Anthropology}, year = {2008}, volume = {51}, number = {51}, pages = {33-52}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20948} }
Disotell, T. & Fiore, A.D.	Bioinformatics in Molecular Anthropology [BibTeX]	2008	Connect: Information Technolog y at NYU Vol. Spring/Summer, pp. 20-23	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Disotell2008, author = {Todd Disotell And Anthony Di Fiore}, title = {Bioinformatics in Molecular Anthropology}, journal = {Connect: Information Technolog y at NYU}, year = {2008}, volume = {Spring/Summer}, pages = {20-23} }
Drusini, A.; Calliari, I. &.V.A.	Root dentine transparency: age determination of human teeth using computerized densitometric analysis. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 85(1), pp. 25-30	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Root dentine transparency (RDT) was used to estimate the ages of human subjects from 152 intact teeth. Teeth were from 134 subjects, both historical and recent, of known age and sex. The aims of this work are 1) to compare two methods of using RDT to estimate age; 2) to test the applicability of the regression formulae for estimating age obtained from a recent sample on an historical sample; and 3) to estimate the suitability of RDT to determine age at death of 100-year-old skeletons. RDT was measured by two techniques: 1) computerized densitometric analysis and 2) vernier caliper. Age estimations based on computerized densitometric analysis were no more accurate than were those determined by caliper measurement; both give a predictive success of +/- 5 years in about 45-48% of cases for premolars. The television-based digitization system has some disadvantages: It is expensive, not portable, and requires some training to use. However, it furnishes a more standardized method, a rapid graphic illustration of the results, and an immediate storage of statistical information for future use.
BibTeX: @article{Drusini1991, author = {Drusini, A.; Calliari, I. & Volpe A.}, title = {Root dentine transparency: age determination of human teeth using computerized densitometric analysis.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1991}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {25--30}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330850105 } }
Eshed, V., Gopher, A. & Hershkovitz, I.	Tooth Wear and Dental Pathology at the Advent of Agriculture: New Evidence From the Levant [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 130, pp. 145-159	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Differences in patterns of diet and subsistence through the analysis of dental pathology and tooth wear were studied in skeletal populations of Natufian hunter-gatherers (10,500–8300 BC) and Neolithic populations (8300–5500 BC, noncalibrated) from the southern Levant. 1,160 Natufians and 804 Neolithic teeth were examined for rate of attrition, caries, antemortem tooth loss, calculus, periapical lesions, and periodontal processes. While the Natufian people manifest a higher rate of dental attrition and periodontal disease (36.4% vs. 19%), Neolithic people show a higher rate of calculus. Both populations manifested low and similar rates of caries (6.4% in the Natufian vs. 6.7% in the Neolithic), periapical lesions (not over 1.5%), and antemortem tooth loss (3.7% vs. 4.5%, respectively). Molar wear pattern in the Neolithic is different than in the Natufian. The current study shows that the dental picture obtained from the two populations is multifactorial in nature, and not exclusively of dietary origin, i.e., the higher rate and unique pattern of attrition seen in the Natufian could result from a greater consumption of fibrous plants, the use of pestles and mortars (which introduce large quantities of stone-dust to the food), and/ or the use of teeth as a ‘‘third hand.’’ The two major conclusions of this study are: 1) The transition from hunting and gathering to a food-producing economy in the Levant did not promote changes in dental health, as previously believed. This generally indicates that the Natufians and Neolithic people of the Levant may have differed in their ecosystem management (i.e., gathering vs. growing grains), but not in the type of food consumed. 2) Changes in food-preparation techniques and nondietary usage of the teeth explain much of the variation in tooth condition in populations before and after the agricultural revolution.
BibTeX: @article{Eshed2006, author = {Vered Eshed and Avi Gopher and Israel Hershkovitz}, title = {Tooth Wear and Dental Pathology at the Advent of Agriculture: New Evidence From the Levant}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2006}, volume = {130}, pages = {145-159}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20362} }
Excoffier, L. & Schneider, S.	Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci Vol. 96, pp. 10597-10602	article	OPEN
Abstract: The mitochondrial DNA diversity of 62 human population samples was examined for potential signals of population expansions. Stepwise expansion times were estimated by taking into account heterogeneity of mutation rates among sites. Assuming an mtDNA divergence rate of 33% per million years, most populations show signals of Pleistocene expansions at around 70,000 years (70 KY) ago in Africa and Asia, 55 KY ago in America, and 40 KY ago in Europe and the Middle East, whereas the traces of the oldest expansions are found in East Africa (110 KY ago for the Turkana). The genetic diversity of two groups of populations (most Amerindian populations and present-day hunter-gatherers) cannot be explained by a simple stepwise expansion model. A multivariate analysis of the genetic distances among 61 populations reveals that populations that did not undergo demographic expansions show increased genetic distances from other populations, confirming that the demography of the populations strongly affects observed genetic affinities. The absence of traces of Pleistocene expansions in present-day huntergatherers seems best explained by the occurrence of recent bottlenecks in those populations, implying a difference between Pleistocene (~1,800 KY to 10 KY ago) and Holocene (10 KY to present) hunter-gatherers demographies, a difference that occurred after, and probably in response to, the Neolithic expansions of the other populations.
BibTeX: @article{Excoffier1999, author = {Laurent Excoffier And Stefan Schneider}, title = {Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci}, year = {1999}, volume = {96}, pages = {10597-10602} }
Fares, J., Shirodaria, S., Chiu, K., Ahmad, N., Sherriff, M. & Bartlett, D.	A New Index of Tooth Wear [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Caries Res Vol. 43, pp. 119-125	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A modified wear index, in which the wear of enamel and dentine are recorded separately, is described. The index was applied to estimating the prevalence and extent of tooth wear in a single convenience sample of 18to 30-year-old students attending a university in London. The subjects were examined under good lighting in a dental chair away from a dental school. A total of 707 females and 303 males were recruited with a mean age of 21.9 years (standard deviation = 0.1, range = 18–30) and examined by 3 trained and calibrated examiners. Intra-examiner intra-class correlation coefficients showed a range of 0.44–0.88. The unweighted k scores were above 0.88 for enamel and dentine. The presence of enamel wear was common to all subjects, but 6.1% of the participants had more than one third of the tooth surface affected. Dentine was exposed on 5.3% of all surfaces, with the largest proportion accounting for less than 10% of the tooth surface (grade 1). The proportion of subjects with at least 1 surface with dentine exposed was 76.9% of the total population. The males had significantly more wear in dentine than the females (p = 0.001). The inter-examiner intra-class correlation coefficients for enamel and dentine were 0.87 and 0.92, respectively. The reproducibility of the index was comparable to other analyses and provides an opportunity to assess the prevalence of enamel wear in large population-based studies.
BibTeX: @article{Fares2009, author = {J. Fares and S. Shirodaria and K. Chiu and N. Ahmad and M. Sherriff and D. Bartlett}, title = {A New Index of Tooth Wear}, journal = {Caries Res}, year = {2009}, volume = {43}, pages = {119-125}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000209344} }
Feldesman, M.R.	Femur/Stature Ratio and Estimates of Stature in Children [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 87, pp. 447-459	article	OPEN
Abstract: The present study examines the relationship between femur length and stature in children between the ages of 8 and 18 years. In previous investigations, my colleagues and I reported the surprising finding that femur length bears a nearly constant relationship to stature in adult humans regardless of ethnicity or gender. This earlier study revealed that the femur/ stature ratio averages 26.74% in adult humans, and that using the ratio to predict stature from femur length yields remarkably accurate estimates. The current study shows that femurlstature ratios of children between the ages of 8 and 11 differ significantly from their older counterparts. Between the ages of 12 and 18, there are no significant differences due to age in the femur/ stature ratio; however, there are significant differences in this age group attributable to gender. This study also shows that the worldwide average adult femurlstature ratio does not adequately describe children in this age range. This study strongly documents the adolescent growth spurt in the femurlstature ratios of both males and females at the precise time one would expect to see the spurt occur (10-12 in females; 12-14 in males). This growth follows a nearly identical trajectory in both genders, with relative femur growth dominating before the peak years of the growth spurt, and relative stature growth dominating afterward. This accounts for the ratio’s rise to maximum values just before peak growth, and its decline toward the adult ratio thereafter. These findings require us to use separate adolescent femur1 stature ratios of 27.16 (females) and 27.44 (males) to estimate the stature of children between the ages of 12 and 18. Preliminary testing shows these ratios to be more accurate in estimating stature than the properly selected Trotter and Gleser adult regression equation. Use of the adolescent male ratio with the Homo erectus juvenile WT 15000 results in a lower stature estimate (157.4 cm) than previously reported. It is suggested that continued testing of the ratio occur, but that the values herein derived may be useful in routine forensic cases involving children in this age range, and with subadult paleontological specimens.
BibTeX: @article{Feldesman1992, author = {Marc R. Feldesman}, title = {Femur/Stature Ratio and Estimates of Stature in Children}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1992}, volume = {87}, pages = {447-459} }
Fenton, T.W., deJong, J.L. & Haut, R.C.	Punched With A Fist: The Etiology of a Fatal Depressed Cranial Fracture [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Forensic Sci Vol. 48(2)	article	OPEN
Abstract: We report a case in which a 33-year-old man was discovered unconscious following a fistfight with another man. Emergency neurosurgical efforts to repair a depressed temporoparietal skull fracture and associated brain injuries were unsuccessful. The forensic anthropologist and pathologist worked in tandem to sort out a complex combination of cranial evidence, including healed antemortem trauma, perimortem blunt force trauma, remote and recent neurosurgical intervention, and the craniotomy cut performed at autopsy. The victim had suffered head injuries and a right temporoparietal craniotomy ten years prior to death. The perimortem cranial fractures were centrally located within a surgically repaired roundel of bone involving portions of the right temporal and parietal bones. Reportedly, the victim was punched on the right side of his head as he was lying on the ground with the left side of his head against an asphalt surface. A primary question in the case was whether a blow with a fist could have produced the observed cranial injuries. To adequately answer that question, known data on the minimum amount of force required to fracture the temporoparietal region were compared to data on the amount of force generated by a blow with a fist. A biomechanics expert demonstrated that a single blow with a fist to the rigidly supported head of the victim could generate the required force to produce the observed fractures. The previous medical condition possibly predisposed the victim to the cranial fractures and contributed to the depressed nature of the fractures. Although depressed cranial fractures do not typically result from a blow with a fist, it was determined in this case that the fracture pattern was consistent with a punch to the head.
BibTeX: @article{Fenton2003, author = {Todd W. Fenton and Joyce L. deJong and Roger C. Haut}, title = {Punched With A Fist: The Etiology of a Fatal Depressed Cranial Fracture}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {48}, number = {2} }
Ferllini, R.	The role of Forensic Anthropology in Human Rigths Issues [BibTeX]	1999	Forensic Osteological Analysis. A Book of Case Studies, pp. 287-302	incollection	OPEN
BibTeX: @incollection{Ferllini1999, author = {Roxana Ferllini}, title = {The role of Forensic Anthropology in Human Rigths Issues}, booktitle = {Forensic Osteological Analysis. A Book of Case Studies}, publisher = {Charles C. Thomas Publisher}, year = {1999}, pages = {287-302} }
de Filippo, C., Heyn, P., Barham, L., Stoneking, M. & Pakendorf, B.	Genetic Perspectives on Forager-Farmer Interaction in the Luangwa Valley of Zambia [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 382-394	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The transformation from a foraging way of life to a reliance on domesticated plants and animals often led to the expansion of agropastoralist populations at the expense of hunter-gatherers (HGs). In Africa, one of these expansions involved the Niger-Congo Bantuspeaking populations that started to spread southwards from Cameroon/Nigeria ~4,000 years ago, bringing agricultural technologies. Genetic studies have shown different degrees of gene flow (sometimes involving sex-biased migrations) between Bantu agriculturalists and HGs. Although these studies have covered many parts of sub- Saharan Africa, the central part (e.g. Zambia) was not yet studied, and the interactions between immigrating foodproducers and local HGs are still unclear. Archeological evidence from the Luangwa Valley of Zambia suggests a long period of coexistence (~1,700 years) of early foodproducers and HGs. To investigate if this apparent coexistence was accompanied by genetic admixture, we analyzed the mtDNA control region, Y chromosomal unique event polymorphisms, and 12 associated Y- short tandem repeats in two food-producing groups (Bisa and Kunda) that live today in the Luangwa Valley, and compared these data with available published data on African HGs. Our results suggest that both the Bisa and Kunda experienced at most low levels of admixture with HGs, and these levels do not differ between the maternal and paternal lineages. Coalescent simulations indicate that the genetic data best fit a demographic scenario with a long divergence (62,500 years) and little or no gene flow between the ancestors of the Bisa/Kunda and existing HGs. This scenario contrasts with the archaeological evidence for a long period of coexistence between the two different communities in the Luangwa Valley, and suggests a process of sociocultural boundary maintenance may have characterized their interaction.
BibTeX: @article{Filippo2010, author = {Cesare de Filippo and Patricia Heyn and Lawrence Barham and Mark Stoneking and Brigitte Pakendorf}, title = {Genetic Perspectives on Forager-Farmer Interaction in the Luangwa Valley of Zambia}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {382-394}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21155} }
Flint, D.J., Dove, S.B., Brumit, P.C., White, M. & Senn, D.R.	Computer-aided Dental Identiﬁcation: An Objective Method for Assessment of Radiographic Image Similarity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(1), pp. 177-184	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A pilot study evaluated a computer-based method for comparing digital dental images, utilizing a registration algorithm to correct for variations in projection geometry between images prior to a subtraction analysis. A numerical assessment of similarity was generated for pairs of images. Using well-controlled laboratory settings, the method was evaluated as to its ability to identify the correct specimen with positive results. A subsequent clinical study examined longitudinal radiographic examinations of selected anatomical areas on 47 patients, analyzing the computer-based method in making the correct identification based upon a threshold level of similarity. The results showed that at a threshold of 0.855, there were two false negative and two false positive identifications out of 957 analyses. Based on these initial findings, 25 dental records having two sets of full mouth series of radiographs were selected. The radiographs were digitized and grouped into six anatomical regions. The more recent set of films served as postmortem images. Each postmortem image was analyzed against all other images within the region. Images were registered to correct for differences in projection geometry prior to analysis. An area of interest was selected to assess image similarity. Analysis of variance was used to determine that there was a significant difference between images from the same individual and those from different individuals. Results showed that the threshold level of concordance will vary with the anatomical region of the mouth examined. This method may provide the most objective and reliable method for postmortem dental identification using intra-oral images.
BibTeX: @article{Flint2009, author = {Diane J. Flint and Stephen Brent Dove and Paula C. Brumit and Marea White and David R. Senn}, title = {Computer-aided Dental Identiﬁcation: An Objective Method for Assessment of Radiographic Image Similarity}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {1}, pages = {177-184}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00921.x} }
Folayan, M., Owotade, F., Adejuyigbe, E., Sen, S., Lawal, B. & Ndukwe, K.	The Timing of Eruption of the Primary Dentition in Nigerian Children [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 134, pp. 443-448	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to clarify the eruption time and sequence for primary teeth in Nigerian children. It also investigated the effect of sex and socioeconomic status on the timing and sequence of eruption. A random sample of 1,657 children from ages of 3–40 months were examined—921 (55.6%) males and 736 (44.4%) females. The age of eruption of the teeth was estimated using probit regression. The results show that there was no effect of sex, socioeconomic status or breastfeeding status on the timing of eruption and pattern of teeth eruption in Nigerian children. Left and right teeth had similar eruption times. Eruption times of the lateral incisor, canine, and molars were similar for upper and lower teeth. Interpopulation studies however showed that though the sequence of eruption of primary teeth in Nigerian population is similar to that of their peers in other compared populations, there are observable sex differences in the timing of tooth eruption.
BibTeX: @article{Folayan2007, author = {Morenike Folayan and Foluso Owotade and Ebun Adejuyigbe and Saunak Sen and Biola Lawal and Kizito Ndukwe}, title = {The Timing of Eruption of the Primary Dentition in Nigerian Children}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {134}, pages = {443-448}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20635} }
Foley, R.	Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: how are they related? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1987	Antiquity Vol. 61, pp. ??-??	article	OPEN
Abstract: A fast-growing quantity of fossil material - post-cranial as well as skulls and teeth - is combining with cladistics and other new theoretical perspectives radically to change the picture of human evolution. Here, a summary of that picture is given, as the basis for a re-examination of that fundamental question of Pleistocene archaeology, the matching with the bones of the stones of the palaeolithic sequence.
BibTeX: @article{Foley1987, author = {Robert Foley}, title = {Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: how are they related?}, journal = {Antiquity}, year = {1987}, volume = {61}, pages = {??-??} }
Foti, B., Adalian, P., Signoli, M., Ardagna, Y., Dutour, O. & Leonetti, G.	Limits of the Lamendin method in age determination [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 122, pp. 101-106	article	OPEN
Abstract: This study shows that epithelial attachment level, used as age determination criterion in Lamendin's method is not reliable for adults of either sex above the age of 49 years with periodontal diseases in any quadrant. The underestimation of calculated age increases from 7 to 19 years with cronological age. On the other hand, the present paper confirms the pertinence of dentin translucency as an age indicator in Lamendin's method.
BibTeX: @article{Foti2001, author = {B. Foti and P. Adalian and M. Signoli and Y. Ardagna and O. Dutour and G. Leonetti}, title = {Limits of the Lamendin method in age determination}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2001}, volume = {122}, pages = {101-106} }
Franklin, D., Oxnard, C.E., O’Higgins, P. & Dadour, I.	Sexual Dimorphism in the Subadult Mandible: Quantification Using Geometric Morphometrics [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Forensic Sci Vol. 52(1), pp. 6-10	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: There have been numerous attempts, with varying degrees of success, to differentiate males from females on the basis of the immature skeleton. We investigate here whether the mandible can discriminate immature individuals by sex; the techniques we apply are from the field of geometric morphometrics. The application of these methods in forensic anthropology is still relatively new; thus, an important aspect of this research is that it demonstrates potential applications in this discipline. The sample comprises 96 known age and sex subadult individuals; the three-dimensional coordinates of 38 landmarks are analyzed using the shape analysis software morphologika. Multivariate regressions indicated no significant sexual dimorphism in the subadult sample; this result is supported by poor cross-validated classiﬁcation accuracy (59%). Our results suggest that the subadult mandible is not dimorphic (to the extent that dimorphism is not evident within the sample we studied); thus, sex determination using previously described criteria is likely to yield poor results
BibTeX: @article{Franklin2007, author = {Daniel Franklin and Charles E. Oxnard and Paul O’Higgins and Ian Dadour}, title = {Sexual Dimorphism in the Subadult Mandible: Quantification Using Geometric Morphometrics}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2007}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {6-10}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00311.x} }
Gilbert, C.C. & Grine, F.E.	Morphometric Variation in the Papionin Muzzle and the Biochronology of the South African Plio-Pleistocene Karst Cave Deposits [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 418-429	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Papionin monkeys are widespread, relatively common members of Plio-Pleistocene faunal assemblages across Africa. For these reasons, papionin taxa have been used as biochronological indicators by which to infer the ages of the South African karst cave deposits. A recent morphometric study of South African fossil papionin muzzle shape concluded that its variation attests to a substantial and greater time depth for these sites than is generally estimated. This inference is significant, because accurate dating of the South African cave sites is critical to our knowledge of hominin evolution and mammalian biogeographic history. We here report the results of a comparative analysis of extant papionin monkeys by which variability of the South African fossil papionins may be assessed. The muzzles of 106 specimens representing six extant papionin genera were digitized and interlandmark distances were calculated. Results demonstrate that the overall amount of morphological variation present within the fossil assemblage fits comfortably within the range exhibited by the extant sample. We also performed a statistical experiment to assess the limitations imposed by small sample sizes, such as typically encountered in the fossil record. Results suggest that 15 specimens are sufficient to accurately represent the population mean for a given phenotype, but small sample sizes are insufficient to permit the accurate estimation of the population standard deviation, variance, and range. The suggestion that the muzzle morphology of fossil papionins attests to a considerable and previously unrecognized temporal depth of the South African karst cave sites is unwarranted.
BibTeX: @article{Gilbert2010, author = {Christopher C. Gilbert and Frederick E. Grine}, title = {Morphometric Variation in the Papionin Muzzle and the Biochronology of the South African Plio-Pleistocene Karst Cave Deposits}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {418-429}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21160} }
Gleiser, I. & Hunt, E.E.	The permanent mandibular first molar: its calcification, eruption and decay. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(2), pp. 253-283	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Gleiser1955, author = {Gleiser, I. & Hunt, E. E.}, title = {The permanent mandibular first molar: its calcification, eruption and decay.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {253--283} }
Gonzalez, P.N., Bernal, V. & Perez, S.I.	Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism of Craniofacial Traits Using Geometric Morphometric Techniques [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Int J Osteoarchaeol	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This work deals with the assessment of cranial sexual dimorphism in human skeletal samples applying geometric morphometric techniques. The purpose of this research is to apply such techniques to quantitatively describe in craniofacial traits the degree and pattern of shape and size sexual dimorphism. Likewise, we evaluate the precision and accuracy of semilandmark-based techniques for sex estimation. We employ a sample of 125 adult skulls of known sex from the Coimbra collection. A set of coordinate points was selected to describe glabella, mastoid, frontal and zygomatic processes. The results of intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) show excellent intra- and inter-observer agreement (ICC>0.96) in the location of the coordinates of points employed. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on shape variables shows a large superposition of both sexes, suggesting a relatively low degree of dimorphism in shape. As a consequence, the average percentages of correct sex estimations based on these variables were of 60.12 and 68.90%, obtained by discriminant analysis with leave-one-out cross validation and k-means clustering respectively. Conversely, when centroid size is included in PCA, females and males exhibit large separation along the first component. The highest values of correct assignment (77.86 and 72.15%) were found using shape–size variables with discriminant and k-means clustering analysis, indicating that the traits analysed display marked sex differences related to the larger size and more robust features of males. Finally, the advantages of geometric morphometric techniques are discussed
BibTeX: @article{Gonzalez2009, author = {P. N. Gonzalez And V. Bernal And S. I. Perez}, title = {Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism of Craniofacial Traits Using Geometric Morphometric Techniques}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {2009}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1109} }
González-Colmenares, G., Botella-López, M.C., Moreno-Rueda, G. & Fernández-Cardenete, J.R.	Age Estimation by a Dental Method: A Comparison of Lamendin’s and Prince and Ubelaker’s Technique [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Forensic Sci Vol. 52(5), pp. 1156-1160	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Lamendin et al. (Journal of Forensic Sciences 1992;37:1373) developed a general technique to estimate age of adults at death using two dental features: periodontosis and translucency of the tooth root. Prince and Ubelaker (Journal of Forensic Sciences 2002;47:107) modified this method, creating a formula for each sex and for different ancestries, and obtained more precise age estimations. In the present study, the validity of each method was tested in 45 males and 34 females of Spanish Caucasian origin, and a novel formula, based on Prince and Ubelaker method, was specifically developedfor a population of mixed racial origin (mestizo) from Colombia, and findings obtained were again compared with those yielded by Lamendin adult dental aging technique. The Prince and Ubelaker method proved more accurate than the Lamendin technique in the Spanish Caucasian population, and our Prince and Ubelaker-based formula was also more accurate than the Lamendin et al. In both populations, the Lamendin method showeda higher mean error in estimations of the age of youngest and oldest individuals. These findings confirm the need to create specific formulas for each human group in order to obtain more accurate age estimates
BibTeX: @article{Gonzalez-Colmenares2007, author = {Gretel González-Colmenares And Miguel C. Botella-López And Gregorio Moreno-Rueda And Juan R. Fernández-Cardenete}, title = {Age Estimation by a Dental Method: A Comparison of Lamendin’s and Prince and Ubelaker’s Technique}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2007}, volume = {52}, number = {5}, pages = {1156-1160}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00508.x} }
González-Jose, R., Ramírez-Rozzi, F., Sardi, M., Martínez-Abadías, N., Hernández, M. & Pucciarelli, H.M.	Functional-Cranial Approach to the Inﬂuence of Economic Strategy on Skull Morphology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 128, pp. 757-771	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Environmental factors are assumed to play an important role in the shaping of craniofacial morphology. Here we propose a statistical approach which can be of utility in estimating the magnitude and localization of a particular nongenetic factor upon the specific functional components of the skull. Our analysis is a combination of previous attempts of apportionment of variance and the application of craniofunctional theory. The effect of subsistence strategy on craniofacial functional components was studied on 18 populations of huntergatherers and farmers from South America. Results demonstrate that the environmental factors studied likely infiuenced the masticatory component’s size and shape. Even when this effect is not large enough to clearly differentiate among subsistence strategies (since whole craniofacial variation among populations remains greater), the method used here provides interesting clues to localize plastic or adaptive responses to external stimuli.
BibTeX: @article{Gonzalez-Jose2005, author = {Rolando González-Jose and Fernando Ramírez-Rozzi and Marina Sardi and Neus Martínez-Abadías and Miquel Hernández and Hector M. Pucciarelli}, title = {Functional-Cranial Approach to the Inﬂuence of Economic Strategy on Skull Morphology}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2005}, volume = {128}, pages = {757-771}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20161} }
González-Pérez, E., Esteban, E., Via, M., Vidal, M.G., Athanasiadis, G., Dugoujon, J.M., Luna, F., Mesa, M.S., Fuster, V., Kandil, M., Harich, N., Bissar-Tadmouri, N., Saetta, A. & Moral, P.	Population Relationships in the Mediterranean Revealed by Autosomal Genetic Data (Alu and Alu/STR Compound Systems) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 430-439	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The variation of 18 Alu polymorphisms and 3 linked STRs was determined in 1,831 individuals from 15 Mediterranean populations to analyze the relationships between human groups in this geographical region and provide a complementary perspective to information from studies based on uniparental markers. Patterns of population diversity revealed by the two kinds of markers examined were different from one another, likely in relation to their different mutation rates. Therefore, while the Alu biallelic variation underlies general heterogeneity throughout the whole Mediterranean region, the combined use of Alu and STR points to a considerable genetic differentiation between the two Mediterranean shores, presumably strengthened by a considerable sub-Saharan African genetic contribution in North Africa (around 13% calculated from Alu markers). Gene flow analysis confirms the permeability of the Sahara to human passage along with the existence of trans-Mediterranean interchanges. Two specific Alu/STR combinations— CD4 110(2) and DM 107(2)—detected in all North African samples, the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, Turkey, and some Mediterranean islands suggest an ancient genetic background of current Mediterranean peoples.
BibTeX: @article{Gonzalez-Perez2010, author = {Emili González-Pérez and Esther Esteban and Marc Via and Magdalena Gayá -Vidal and Georgios Athanasiadis and Jean Michel Dugoujon and Francisco Luna and Maria Soledad Mesa and Vicente Fuster and Mostafa Kandil and Nourdin Harich and Nisrine Bissar-Tadmouri and Angela Saetta and Pedro Moral}, title = {Population Relationships in the Mediterranean Revealed by Autosomal Genetic Data (Alu and Alu/STR Compound Systems)}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {430-439}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21161} }
Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Sciulli, P.W. & Betsinger, T.K.	Dental Crown Size and Sex Hormone Concentrations: Another Look at the Development of Sexual Dimorphism [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 137, pp. 324-333	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Previous researchers hypothesized that tooth types forming during early childhood should be less sexually dimorphic than those forming during later childhood, if sex hormone concentration differences between males and females increase progressively throughout childhood and can affect tooth size. Descriptive tooth size data have recently been cited in support of this hypothesis, particularly with respect to differences in sexual dimorphism among the tooth types of tooth classes. The present study tests this hypothesis for the mesiodistal dimension of human permanent teeth using published data for incisor, premolar, and molar tooth classes from seven diverse populations. The sample size for each tooth type per population was at least 50. This study also tests a modification of this hypothesis which takes into account the postnatal testosterone surge in males and the low levels of sex hormones in both sexes prior to puberty. Predictions are developed for both the original and modified hypotheses. The ‘‘D’’ statistic, the total area of nonoverlap between the phenotypic distributions of males and females, is used to quantify sexual dimorphism. Comparison of D values for different tooth types within tooth classes across these seven populations does not strongly support either hypothesis. These results suggest that gross changes in sex hormone concentrations during development are not related to population-wide patterns of sexual dimorphism among the tooth types of human permanent tooth classes, as recent studies indicate. This finding is consistent with other studies which suggest that sex hormones have only a minor role in generating crown size sexual dimorphism.
BibTeX: @article{Guatelli-Steinberg2008, author = {Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg and Paul W. Sciulli and and Tracy K. Betsinger}, title = {Dental Crown Size and Sex Hormone Concentrations: Another Look at the Development of Sexual Dimorphism}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {137}, pages = {324-333}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20878} }
Gustafson, G.	Age determinations on teeth [BibTeX]	1950	J Am Dental Assoc Vol. 41, pp. 45-54	article
BibTeX: @article{Gustafson1950, author = {G. Gustafson}, title = {Age determinations on teeth}, journal = {J Am Dental Assoc}, year = {1950}, volume = {41}, pages = {45-54} }
Gómez, P.	Ecuantro v0.8: Software para el procesamiento de datos en Antropología Física [BibTeX]	2008	http://antropologiafisica.cl/index.php/ecuantro-menu.html	misc		URL
BibTeX: @misc{Gomez2008, author = {P. Gómez}, title = {Ecuantro v0.8: Software para el procesamiento de datos en Antropología Física}, year = {2008}, url = {http://antropologiafisica.cl/index.php/ecuantro-menu.htm} }
Haeuslera, M. & McHenry, H.M.	Body proportions of Homo habilis reviewed [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Hum Evol Vol. 46, pp. 433-465	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The ratio of fore- to hindlimb size plays an important role in our understanding of human evolution. Although Homo habilis was relatively modern craniodentally, its body proportions are commonly believed to have been more apelike than in the earlier Australopithecus afarensis. The evidence for this, however, rests, on two fragmentary skeletons, OH 62 and KNM-ER 3735. The upper limb of the better-preserved OH 62 from Olduvai Gorge is long and slender, but its hindlimb is represented mainly by the proximal portion of a thin femur of uncertain length. The present analysis shows that upper-to-lower limb shaft proportions of both OH 62 and AL 288-1 (A. afarensis) fall in the modern human range of variation, although OH 62 also falls inside that of chimpanzees due to their overlap in small individuals. Despite being more fragmentary, the larger-bodied KNM-ER 3735 lies outside the chimpanzee range and close to the human mean. Because the differences between any of the three individuals are compatible with the range of variation seen in extant hominoid groups, it is not legitimate to infer more primitive upper-to-lower limb shaft proportions for either H. habilis or A. afarensis. Femur length of OH 62 can only be estimated by comparison. Its closest match in size and morphology is with the gracile OH 34 specimen, which therefore provides a better analogue for the reconstruction of OH 62 than the stocky AL 288-1 femur that is traditionally used. OH 34’s slender proportions are hardly due to abrasion, but match those of a modern human of that body-size, suggesting that the relative length of OH 62’s leg may have been human-like. Brachial proportions, however, remained primitive. Long legs may imply long distance terrestrial travel. Perhaps this adaptation evolved early in the genus Homo, with H. habilis providing an early representative of this important change.
BibTeX: @article{Haeuslera2004, author = {Martin Haeuslera and Henry M. McHenry}, title = {Body proportions of Homo habilis reviewed}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2004}, volume = {46}, pages = {433-465}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.004} }
Haile-Selassie, Y., Saylor, B.Z., Deino, A., Alene, M. & Latimer, B.M.	New Hominid Fossils From Woranso-Mille (Central Afar, Ethiopia) and Taxonomy of Early Australopithecus [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 406-417	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The phylogenetic relationship between Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis has been hypothesized as ancestor-descendant. However, the weakest part of this hypothesis has been the absence of fossil samples between 3.6 and 3.9 million years ago. Here we describe new fossil specimens from the Woranso-Mille site in Ethiopia that are directly relevant to this issue. They derive from sediments chronometrically dated to 3.57–3.8 million years ago. The new fossil specimens are largely isolated teeth, partial mandibles, and maxillae, and some postcranial fragments. However, they shed some light on the relationships between Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis. The dental morphology shows closer affinity with Au. anamensis from Allia Bay/Kanapoi (Kenya) and Asa Issie (Ethiopia) than with Au. afarensis from Hadar (Ethiopia). However, they are intermediate in dental and mandibular morphology between Au. anamensis and the older Au. afarensis material from Laetoli. The new fossils lend strong support to the hypothesized ancestor-descendant relationship between these two early Australopithecus species. The Woranso-Mille hominids cannot be unequivocally assigned to either taxon due to their dental morphological intermediacy. This could be an indication that the Kanapoi, Allia Bay, and Asa Issie Au. anamensis is the primitive form of Au. afarensis at Hadar with the Laetoli and Woranso-Mille populations sampling a mosaic of morphological features from both ends. It is particularly difficult to draw a line between Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis in light of the new discoveries from Woranso-Mille. The morphology provides no evidence that Au. afarensis and Au. anamensis represent distinct taxa.
BibTeX: @article{Haile-Selassie2010, author = {Yohannes Haile-Selassie and Beverly Z. Saylor and Alan Deino and Mulugeta Alene and Bruce M. Latimer}, title = {New Hominid Fossils From Woranso-Mille (Central Afar, Ethiopia) and Taxonomy of Early Australopithecus}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {406-417}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21159} }
Haronian, F. & Sugerman, A.A.	A comparison of Sheldon's and Parnell's methods for quantifying morphological differences. [BibTeX]	1965	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 23(2), pp. 135-141	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Haronian1965, author = {Haronian, F. & Sugerman, A. A.}, title = {A comparison of Sheldon's and Parnell's methods for quantifying morphological differences.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1965}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {135--141} }
Hartl, D.L. & Clark, A.G.	Principles of Population Genetics [BibTeX]	1997	, pp. 542	book	OPEN
BibTeX: @book{Hartl1997, author = {Daniel L. Hartl and Andrew G. Clark}, title = {Principles of Population Genetics}, publisher = {Sinauer Associates Inc.}, year = {1997}, pages = {542}, edition = {Third} }
Harvati, K.	Quantitative Analysis of Neanderthal Temporal Bone Morphology Using Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 120, pp. 323-338	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The temporal bone is the location of several traits thought to differentiate Neanderthals from modern humans, including some proposed Neanderthalderived traits. Most of these, however, are difficult to measure and are usually described qualitatively. This study applied the techniques of geometric morphometrics to the complex morphology of the temporal bone, in order to quantify the differences observed between Neanderthal and modern human anatomy. Two hundred and seventy modern human crania were measured, representing 9 populations of 30 individuals each, and spanning the extremes of the modern human geographical range. Twelve Neanderthal specimens, as well as Reilingen, Kabwe, Skhul 5, Qafzeh 9, and 4 Late Paleolithic European specimens, were included in the fossil sample. The data were collected in the form of three-dimensional (3-D) landmark coordinates, and specimen configurations were superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis. The fitted coordinates were then analyzed by an array of multivariate statistical methods, including principal components analysis, canonical variates analysis, and Mahalanobis D2. The temporal bone landmark analysis was very successful in separating Neanderthals from modern humans. Neanderthals were separated from modern humans in both the principal components and canonical variates analyses. They were much further in Mahalanobis distances from all modern human populations than any two modern human groups were from each other. Most of the previously described temporal bone traits contributed to this separation.
BibTeX: @article{Harvati2003, author = {Katerina Harvati}, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Neanderthal Temporal Bone Morphology Using Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2003}, volume = {120}, pages = {323-338}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10122} }
Harvati, K. & Weaver, T.D.	Human Cranial Anatomy and the Differential Preservation of Population History and Climate Signatures [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Anatomical Record Vol. 288A, pp. 1225-1233	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Cranial morphology is widely used to reconstruct evolutionary relationships, but its reliability in refiecting phylogeny and population history has been questioned. Some cranial regions, particularly the face and neurocranium, are believed to be infiuenced by the environment and prone to convergence. Others, such as the temporal bone, are thought to refiect more accurately phylogenetic relationships. Direct testing of these hypotheses was not possible until the advent of large genetic data sets. The few relevant studies in human populations have had intriguing but possibly confiicting results, probably partly due to methodological differences and to the small numbers of populations used. Here we use threedimensional (3D) geometric morphometrics methods to test explicitly the ability of cranial shape, size, and relative position/orientation of cranial regions to track population history and climate. Morphological distances among 13 recent human populations were calculated from four 3D landmark data sets, respectively refiecting facial, neurocranial, and temporal bone shape; shape and relative position; overall cranial shape; and centroid sizes. These distances were compared to neutral genetic and climatic distances among the same, or closely matched, populations. Results indicate that neurocranial and temporal bone shape track neutral genetic distances, while facial shape refiects climate; centroid size shows a weak association with climatic variables; and relative position/orientation of cranial regions does not appear correlated with any of these factors. Because different cranial regions preserve population history and climate signatures differentially, caution is suggested when using cranial anatomy for phylogenetic reconstruction.
BibTeX: @article{Harvati2006, author = {Katerina Harvati And Timothy D. Weaver}, title = {Human Cranial Anatomy and the Differential Preservation of Population History and Climate Signatures}, journal = {Anatomical Record}, year = {2006}, volume = {288A}, pages = {1225-1233}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20395} }
Hasund, A. & Bang, G.	Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition: IV. Cusp number and groove patterns of mandibular molars. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 67(1), pp. 65-69	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Data on the permanent dentition of 63 coastal and 33 inland Alaskan Eskimos are presented. The number of cusps and groove pattern of the mandibular molars were recorded. Agenesis of the mandibular third molars was classified and the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameter was measured on the first and the second mandibular molars. The predominant pattern of the lower first molars was Y5, while for the second molar the dominating patterns were +5 and +4. In the lower third molar, +5 was found in the majority of cases. For M1 and M2, men showed a stronger tendency toward a conservative pattern than did women. In the case of M2, the inland population exhibited a more conservative trait than did the coastal population. No connection was seen between the groove pattern and agenesis of M3, however, a reduction in the mesiodistal crown diameter for the second molars was seen when the number of cusps is reduced from 5 to 4.
BibTeX: @article{Hasund1985, author = {Hasund, A. & Bang, G.}, title = {Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition: IV. Cusp number and groove patterns of mandibular molars.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {67}, number = {1}, pages = {65--69}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330670108} }
Hauser, M.D., Chomsky, N. & Fitch, T.	The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Science Vol. 298, pp. 1569-1579	article	OPEN
Abstract: We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of language in the broad sense (FLB)and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations).
BibTeX: @article{Hauser2002, author = {Marc D. Hauser and Noam Chomsky and Tecumseh Fitch}, title = {The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?}, journal = {Science}, year = {2002}, volume = {298}, pages = {1569-1579} }
Heuzé, Y. & Cardoso, H.F.	Testing the Quality of Nonadult Bayesian Dental Age Assessment Methods to Juvenile Skeletal Remains: The Lisbon Collection Children and Secular Trend Effects [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 135, pp. 275-283	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Age estimation of nonadult skeletons from archaeological or forensic contexts has relied heavily on modern schedules of dental formation developed on samples of children of affluent populations. Although genetic factors have been considered to have had the greatest influence on population differences in dental development, increased interest has been placed on the role of environmental influences, such as differences in socioeconomic status and secular trends. This study evaluates the quality (i.e., accuracy and reliability) of two Bayesian dental age estimation methods to a sample of identified child skeletons from the Lisbon collection (20th century Portugal). The two Bayesian methods are developed on a reference sample of modern children from France, Ivory Coast, Iran, and Morocco. The test sample from Lisbon, compared to the reference sample, is separated by over 50 years of secular trends and comprises a lower socioeconomic segment. The two Bayesian methods show that the Lisbon children are consistently 1-year behind in dental age compared to the modern children of the reference sample. Environmental factors largely explain the differences between dental and chronological age in historic samples of nonadults.
BibTeX: @article{Heuze2008, author = {Yann Heuzé and Hugo F.V. Cardoso}, title = {Testing the Quality of Nonadult Bayesian Dental Age Assessment Methods to Juvenile Skeletal Remains: The Lisbon Collection Children and Secular Trend Effects}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {135}, pages = {275-283}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20741} }
Hohmann, G., Potts, K., N’Guessan, A., Fowler, A., Mundry, R., Ganzhorn, J.U. & Ortmann, S.	Plant Foods Consumed by Pan: Exploring the Variation of Nutritional Ecology Across Africa [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 476-485	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: It has been shown that differences in resource density and nutrient supply affect variation in ranging patterns, habitat use, and sociality. Among nonhuman primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus) have often been used as models for the link between social system and habitat ecology. Field reports suggest that resource density is higher in habitats occupied by bonobos (compared to chimpanzee habitats), and in the West (compared to the East) of the range of chimpanzees. In this study we compared diet quality at the level of species and populations using information from nutritional analyses of fruit and leaves consumed by chimpanzees (three) and bonobos (one population). Quality of plant foods was assessed on the basis of a) the concentration of macronutrients, fiber, and anti-feedants, and b) associations of different nutrient components. Overall plant samples collected at each site differed in terms of macronutrient content. However, nutritious quality and gross energy content of food samples were similar suggesting that dietary quality reflects selectivity rather than habitat ecology. The quality of plant foods consumed by bonobos was within the range of chimpanzees and the quality of plant foods consumed by western chimpanzees was not higher than that of eastern chimpanzees. While the results showed significant variation across forests inhabited by Pan, they did not match with geographical patterns between and within Pan species as proposed in previous studies. This suggests that the nutritional quality of the habitat is not always a reliable predictor of the quality of the diet.
BibTeX: @article{Hohmann2010, author = {Gottfried Hohmann and Kevin Potts and Antoine N’Guessan and Andrew Fowler and Roger Mundry and Joerg U. Ganzhorn and Sylvia Ortmann}, title = {Plant Foods Consumed by Pan: Exploring the Variation of Nutritional Ecology Across Africa}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {476-485}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21168} }
Howell, F.C.	The age of the australopithecines of southern Africa. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(4), pp. 635-662	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Howell1955, author = {Howell, F. C.}, title = {The age of the australopithecines of southern Africa.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {635--662} }
Hubbe, M., Hanihara, T. & Harvati, K.	Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	The Anatomical Record Vol. 292, pp. 1720-1733	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The ability of cranial morphology to refiect population/phylogenetic history, and the degree to which it might be infiuenced by environmental factors and selection pressures have been widely discussed. Recent consensus views cranial morphology as largely indicative of population history in humans, with some anatomical cranial regions/measurements being more informative on population history, while others being under selection pressure. We test earlier findings using the largest and most diverse cranial dataset available as yet: 7,423 male specimens from 135 geographic human population samples represented by 33 standard craniometric linear measurements. We calculated Mahalanobis D2 for three datasets: complete cranial dataset; facial measurement dataset; and neurocranial measurement dataset; these morphological distance matrices were then compared to matrices of geographic distances as well as of several climatic variables. Additionally, we calculated Fst values for our cranial measurements and compared the results to the expected Fst values for neutral genetic loci. Our findings support the hypothesis that cranial, and especially neurocranial morphology, is phylogenetically informative, and that aspects of the face and cranium are subject to selection related to climatic factors. The Fst analysis suggest that selection to climate is largely restricted to groups living in extremely cold environments, including Northeast Asia, North America, and Northern Europe, though each of these regions appears to have arrived at their morphology through distinct adaptive pathways. )
BibTeX: @article{Hubbe2009a, author = {Mark Hubbe And Tsunehiko Hanihara And Katerina Harvati}, title = {Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations}, journal = {The Anatomical Record}, year = {2009}, volume = {292}, pages = {1720-1733}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20976} }
Hubbe, M., Neves, W.A., de Oliveira, E.C. & Strauss, A.	Posmarital residence practice in southern Brazilian coastal groups: Continuity and Change [BibTeX]	2009	Lat Am Antiq Vol. 20(2), pp. 267-278	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Hubbe2009, author = {Mark Hubbe and Walter Alves Neves and Emiliano Castro de Oliveira and André Strauss}, title = {Posmarital residence practice in southern Brazilian coastal groups: Continuity and Change}, journal = {Lat Am Antiq}, year = {2009}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {267-278} }
Hublin, J.-J.	Northwestern African Middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of Homo sapiens [BibTeX]	2002	Human Roots Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, pp. 99-121	incollection	OPEN
BibTeX: @incollection{Hublin2002, author = {Jean-Jacques Hublin}, title = {Northwestern African Middle Pleistocene hominids and their bearing on the emergence of Homo sapiens}, booktitle = {Human Roots Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene}, publisher = {Western Academic & Specialist Press}, year = {2002}, pages = {99-121} }
Hughes, C.E. & White, C.A.	Crack Propagation in Teeth: A Comparison of Perimortem and Postmortem Behavior of Dental Materials and Cracks [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(2), pp. 263-266	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This study presents a new method for understanding postmortem heat-induced crack propagation patterns in teeth. The results demonstrate that patterns of postmortem heat-induced crack propagation differ from perimortem and antemortem trauma-induced crack propagation patterns. Dental material of the postmortem tooth undergoes dehydration leading to a shrinking and more brittle dentin material and a weaker dentin- enamel junction. Dentin intertubule tensile stresses are amplified by the presence of the pulp cavity, and initiates crack propagation from the internal dentin, through the dentin-enamel junction and lastly the enamel. In contrast, in vivo perimortem and antemortem trauma-induced crack propagation initiates cracking from the external surface of the enamel toward the dentin-enamel junction where the majority of the energy of the crack is dissipated, eliminating the crack’s progress into the dentin. These unique patterns of crack propagation can be used to differentiate postmortem taphon- omy-induced damage from antemortem and perimortem trauma in teeth.
BibTeX: @article{Hughes2009, author = {Cris E. Hughes and Crystal A. White}, title = {Crack Propagation in Teeth: A Comparison of Perimortem and Postmortem Behavior of Dental Materials and Cracks}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {263-266}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00976.x} }
Isaac, N.J.B. & Purvis, A.	The ‘species problem’ and testing macroevolutionary hypotheses [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Diversity Distrib Vol. 10, pp. 275-281	article	OPEN
Abstract: Species lists change for a variety of reasons, including new information and preferences for different species concepts. Uncertainty over species numbers is potentially damaging to tests of proposed correlates of species richness, particularly if taxonomic changes are biased toward some clades over others. We investigate the effects of this error and bias by testing the same suite of macroevolutionary hypotheses in seven different arrangements of primate taxonomy. This is the first time that the effects of the ‘species problem’ have been systematically investigated in this way. Primates are an excellent model system for examining the effects of taxonomic uncertainty: species numbers have doubled in the past two decades, with the fastest growth in the Neotropics. We found that different variables were significantly associated with species richness in each taxonomic arrangement. However, there were no significant differences among taxonomies in the regression slopes for any predictor variable. We found no tendency for significant correlations to occur in taxonomies with more species, suggesting that the results cannot be explained by a lack of power in the smaller taxonomies. The findings are discussed with reference to the wider implications for testing macroevolutionary hypotheses.
BibTeX: @article{Isaac2004, author = {Nick J. B. Isaac and Andy Purvis}, title = {The ‘species problem’ and testing macroevolutionary hypotheses}, journal = {Diversity Distrib}, year = {2004}, volume = {10}, pages = {275-281} }
Iñiguez, A.M., Reinhard, K., Gonçalves, M.L.C., Ferreira, L.F., Araújo, A. & Vicente, A.C.P.	SL1 RNA gene recovery from Enterobius vermicularis ancient DNA in pre-Columbian human coprolites [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Int J Parasitol Vol. 36, pp. 1419-1425	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Enterobius vermicularis, pinworm, is one of the most common helminths worldwide, infecting nearly a billion people at all socio-economic levels. In prehistoric populations the paleoparasitological findings show a pinworm homogeneous distribution among huntergatherers in North America, intensified with the advent of agriculture. This same increase also occurred in the transition from nomad hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmers in South America, although E. vermicularis infection encompasses only the ancient Andean peoples, with no record among the pre-Colombian populations in the South American lowlands. However, the outline of pinworm paleoepidemiology has been supported by microscopic finding of eggs recovered from coprolites. Since molecular techniques are precise and sensitive in detecting pathogen ancient DNA (aDNA), and also could provide insights into the parasite evolutionary history, in this work we have performed a molecular paleoparasitological study of E. vermicularis. aDNA was recovered and pinworm 5S rRNA spacer sequences were determined from pre-Columbian coprolites (4110 BC–AD 900) from four different North and South American archaeological sites. The sequence analysis confirmed E. vermicularis identity and revealed a similarity among ancient and modern sequences. Moreover, polymorphisms were identified at the relative positions 160, 173 and 180, in independent coprolite samples from Tulán, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile (1080–950 BC). We also verified the presence of peculiarities (Splicing leader (SL1) RNA sequence, spliced donor site, the Sm antigen biding site, and RNA secondary structure) which characterise the SL1 RNA gene. The analysis shows that the SL1 RNA gene of contemporary pinworms was present in pre-Columbian E. vermicularis by 6110 years ago. We were successful in detecting E. vermicularis aDNA even in coprolites without direct microscopic evidence of the eggs, improving the diagnosis of helminth infections in the past and further pinworm paleoepidemiological studies.
BibTeX: @article{Iniguez2006, author = {Alena Mayo Iñiguez And Karl Reinhard And Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves And Luiz Fernando Ferreira And Adauto Araújo And Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente}, title = {SL1 RNA gene recovery from Enterobius vermicularis ancient DNA in pre-Columbian human coprolites}, journal = {Int J Parasitol}, year = {2006}, volume = {36}, pages = {1419-1425}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.07.005} }
Işcan, M.Y., Loth, S.R. & Wright, R.K.	Metamorphosis at the Sternal Rib End: A New Method to Estimate Age at Death in White Males [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 65, pp. 147-156	article	OPEN
Abstract: While the pubic symphysis and intracortical morphometry have provided successful results in estimating age at death, other methods and sites in the skeleton are needed to improve the accuracy of age estimation. This research is an attempt to develop a new age-determination technique by using the sternal extremity of the rib. The right fourth rib was collected at autopsy from 93 white males. The sternal extremity of each rib was analyzed in relation to the pit depth (component 0, pit shape (component II), and rim and wall configurations (component 1111, each of which was divided into six stages. Results indicated that the age at death can be estimated from a rib within about 2 years in the second decade to about 7 years in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Pit shape and rim and wall configurations yielded better results than absolute pit depth alone. While this method has a potentially important contribution to skeletal anthropology, factors such as sex differences and biomechanical variation between individuals may affect the determination of age from the rib.
BibTeX: @article{Iscan1984, author = {M. Yaşar Işcan And Susan R. Loth And Ronald K. Wright}, title = {Metamorphosis at the Sternal Rib End: A New Method to Estimate Age at Death in White Males}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1984}, volume = {65}, pages = {147-156} }
Kaifu, Y.	Tooth Wear and Compensatory Modiﬁcation of the Anterior Dentoalveolar Complex in Humans [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 111, pp. 369-392	article	OPEN
Abstract: In populations living in environments where teeth wear severely, some compensatory modification of the dentoalveolar complex is thought to occur during life whereby functional occlusion is maintained as tooth substance is lost by wear. This study investigates one aspect of this modification process: Changes in the anterior dentoalveolar complex that are accompanied with wear were examined in a series of Japanese skeletal samples. In the prehistoric Japanese hunter-gatherer population heavy wear occurs over the entire dentition. The following changes were demonstrated to have occurred in the anterior segment of the dentition accompanied by wear on the anterior teeth: The anterior teeth tip lingually with wear up to a nearly upright position to fill in interproximal spaces that would have been generated by wear, and tomaintain contact relations between adjacent teeth.At the same time, the anterior surface of the maxillary alveolar process also inclines lingually to a certain extent. The amount of lingual tipping is greater in the maxillary anterior teeth than in theirmandibular antagonists. It is because of this discrepancy that, with age, the horizontal component of the overlap between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth decreases, and their bite form changes from scissor bite to edge-to-edge bite. Lesser degrees of lingual tipping of the anterior teeth were also detected in the prehistoric agriculturists and historic Japanese populations. The variation in the degree of lingual tipping observed among the samples is explained by inter-population variation in severity and pattern of tooth wear. This and other evidence suggests that mechanisms that compensate for wear in the anterior dentition may be characteristic of all living human populations, independently of the degree of wear severity endured in their environments.
BibTeX: @article{Kaifu2000, author = {Yousuke Kaifu}, title = {Tooth Wear and Compensatory Modiﬁcation of the Anterior Dentoalveolar Complex in Humans}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2000}, volume = {111}, pages = {369-392} }
Kasper, K.A., Austin, D., Kvanli, A.H., Rios, T.R. & Senn, D.R.	Reliability of Third Molar Development for Age Estimation in a Texas Hispanic Population: A Comparison Study [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(3), pp. 651-657	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Evaluating third molars from 950 Hispanic individuals aged 12–22 years using Demirjian’s schematic for crown and root formation found that Hispanic third molar development was 8–18 months faster than American Caucasians as reported by Mincer, Harris and Berryman in 1993. This represents a statistically significant increase. Earlier development was more apparent in the later stages F through H. Hispanic males reach developmental stages faster than Hispanic females and maxillary third molars reach developmental stages faster than mandibular third molars in both sexes. The earliest age observed for stages B–H (e.g., Stage H first observed at age 13.92 years in females) and the oldest age observed for Stages B–G were developed to facilitate age prediction of unknown individuals. Prediction tables for minimum and maximum age for an observed stage (e.g., if a female maxillary third molar is stage F it means she is older than 13 years) for each sex-jaw group were calculated.
BibTeX: @article{Kasper2009, author = {Kathleen A. Kasper and Dana Austin and Alan H. Kvanli and Tara R. Rios and David R. Senn}, title = {Reliability of Third Molar Development for Age Estimation in a Texas Hispanic Population: A Comparison Study}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {651-657}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01031.x} }
Kerley, E.R.	The microscopic determination of age in human bone. [BibTeX]	1965	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 23(2), pp. 149-163	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Kerley1965, author = {Kerley, E. R.}, title = {The microscopic determination of age in human bone.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1965}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {149--163} }
Kerley, E.R. & Ubelaker, D.H.	Revisions in the microscopic method of estimating age at death in human cortical bone. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 49(4), pp. 545-546	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Problems recently discovered in the Kerley method of estimating age at death from cortical microstructure are discussed. Kerley's original data have been re-analyzed to produce new regression equations and to document the original field size.
BibTeX: @article{Kerley1978, author = {Kerley, E. R. & Ubelaker, D. H.}, title = {Revisions in the microscopic method of estimating age at death in human cortical bone.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1978}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {545--546}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330490414 } }
Knudson, K.J. & Torres-Rouff, C.	Investigating Cultural Heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile, Through Biogeochemistry and Bioarchaeology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 138, pp. 473-485	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Individuals living in the San Pedro de Atacama oases and the neighboring upper Loa River Valley of northern Chile experienced the collapse of an influential foreign polity, environmental decline, and the appearance of a culturally distinct group during the Late Intermediate Period (ca. AD 1,100–1,400). We investigate cultural heterogeneity at the Loa site of Caspana through analyses of strontium and oxygen isotopes, cranial modification styles, and mortuary behavior, integrating biological aspects of identity, particularly geographic origins, with cultural aspects of identity manifested in body modification and mortuary behavior. We test the hypothesis that the Caspana population (n = 66) represents a migrant group, as supported by archeological and ethnographic evidence, rather than a culturally distinct local group. For Caspana archeological human tooth enamel, mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70771 6 0.00038 (1r, n = 30) and mean d18Oc(V-PDB) = 23.9 6 0.6% (1r, n = 16); these isotopic data suggest that only one individual lived outside the region. Material culture suggests that the individuals buried at Caspana shared some cultural affinity with the San Pedro oases while maintaining distinct cultural traditions. Finally, cranial modification data show high frequencies of head shaping [92.4% (n = 61/6=)] and an overwhelming preference for annular modification [75.4% (n = 46/61)], contrasting sharply with practices in the San Pedro area. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we argue that, rather than representing a group of altiplano migrants, the Caspana population existed in the region for some time. However, cranial modification styles and mortuary behavior that are markedly distinct from patterns in surrounding areas raise the possibility of cultural heterogeneity and cultural fissioning.
BibTeX: @article{Knudson2009, author = {Kelly J. Knudson and Christina Torres-Rouff}, title = {Investigating Cultural Heterogeneity in San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile, Through Biogeochemistry and Bioarchaeology}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {138}, pages = {473-485}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20965} }
Konigsberg, L.W., Algee-Hewitt, B.F. & Steadman, D.W.	Estimation and Evidence in Forensic Anthropology: Sex and Race [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 139, pp. 77-90	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Forensic anthropology typically uses osteological and/or dental data either to estimate characteristics of unidentified individuals or to serve as evidence in cases where there is a putative identification. In the estimation context, the problem is to describe aspects of an individual that may lead to their eventual identification, whereas in the evidentiary context, the problem is to provide the relative support for the identification. In either context, individual characteristics such as sex and race may be useful. Using a previously published forensic case (Steadman et al. (2006) Am J Phys Anthropol 131:15–26) and a large (N = 3,167) reference sample, we show that the sex of the individual can be reliably estimated using a small set of 11 craniometric variables. The likelihood ratio from sex (assuming a 1:1 sex ratio for the ‘‘population at large’’) is, however, relatively uninformative in ‘‘making’’ the identification. Similarly, the known ‘‘race’’ of the individual is relatively uninformative in ‘‘making’’ the identification, because the individual was recovered from an area where the 2000 US census provides a very homogenous picture of (self-identified) race. Of interest in this analysis is the fact that the individual, who was recovered from Eastern Iowa, classifies very clearly with [Howells 1973. Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference Among Recent Human Populations. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; 1989. Skull Shape and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press]. Easter Islander sample in an analysis with uninformative priors. When the Iowa 2000 Census data on self-reported race are used for informative priors, the individual is clearly identified as ‘‘American White.’’ This analysis shows the extreme importance of an informative prior in any forensic application.
BibTeX: @article{Konigsberg2009, author = {Lyle W. Konigsberg and Bridget F.B. Algee-Hewitt and Dawnie Wolfe Steadman}, title = {Estimation and Evidence in Forensic Anthropology: Sex and Race}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {139}, pages = {77-90}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20934} }
Krause, J., Orlando, L., an Bence Viola, D.S., Prüfer, K., Richards, M.P., Hublin, J.-J., Hänni, C., Derevianko, A.P. & Pääbo, S.	Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia [BibTeX]	2007	Nature Vol. 449, pp. 902-904	article	OPEN	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Krause2007, author = {Johannes Krause and Ludovic Orlando and David Serre an Bence Viola and Kay Prüfer and Michael P. Richards and Jean-Jacques Hublin and Catherine Hänni and Anatoly P. Derevianko and Svante Pääbo}, title = {Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2007}, volume = {449}, pages = {902-904}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06193} }
Krenzer, U.	Estimación de edad osteológica en adultos [BibTeX]	2006	Vol. 3Compendio de Métodos Antropológicos Forenses para la Reconstrucción del perfil osteobiográfico, pp. 67-145	incollection
BibTeX: @incollection{Krenzer2006, author = {Udo Krenzer}, title = {Estimación de edad osteológica en adultos}, booktitle = {Compendio de Métodos Antropológicos Forenses para la Reconstrucción del perfil osteobiográfico}, publisher = {CAFCA}, year = {2006}, volume = {3}, pages = {67-145} }
Krueger, K. & Ungar, P.	Incisor Microwear Textures of Five Bioarcheological Groups [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Int J Osteoarchaeol	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Dental microwear texture analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for inferring aspects of subsistence behaviour in human groups and diet in other mammals. Studies have to date been limited to molar teeth. Here we report on the first microwear texture analysis of incisors. Five bioarcheological groups were included in this analysis: Aleuts from various islands in the Bering Sea (n=24), Arikara from the Mobridge site in South Dakota (n=18), ethnic Chinese cannery workers from Kodiak Island (n=16), a Late Woodland Bluff sample from Jersey County, Illinois (n=18) and Puye Pueblo from Pajarito Plateau in New Mexico (n=18). First, point clouds with 0.18mm lateral spacing and 0.005 mm vertical resolution were obtained from maxillary central incisor labial surfaces using a white-light confocal profiler. Four adjoining fields were sampled for a total area of 276 um x 204 um for each specimen. Surface data were then imported into scale-sensitive fractal analysis software for texture characterisation. Results indicate significant variation among groups in anisotropy, fill volume and heterogeneity. These differences are likely related to differences in diet, degrees and types of nondietary incisor use, as well as exposure to abrasives. This study also suggests that texture variables most useful for characterising and comparing incisor microwear may differ from thosemost useful for distinguishingmolarmicrowear patterns.
BibTeX: @article{Krueger2009, author = {K.L. Krueger And P.S. Ungar}, title = {Incisor Microwear Textures of Five Bioarcheological Groups}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {2009}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1093} }
Krueger, K.L., Scott, J.R., Kay, R.F. & Ungar, P.S.	Technical Note: Dental Microwear Textures of ‘‘Phase I’’ and ‘‘Phase II’’ Facets [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 137, pp. 485-490	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The power stroke of mastication has been traditionally divided into two parts, one which precedes centric occlusion, and the other which follows it— ‘‘Phase I’’ and ‘‘Phase II,’’ respectively. Recent studies of primate mastication have called into question the role of Phase II in food processing, as they have found little muscle activity or accompanying bone strain following centric occlusion. That said, many researchers today look to Phase II facets to relate diet to patterns of dental microwear. This suggests the need to reevaluate microwear patterns on Phase I facets. Here we use texture analysis to compare and contrast microwear on facets representing both phases in three primate species with differing diets (Alouatta palliata, Cebus apella, and Lophocebus albigena). Results reaffirm that microwear patterns on Phase II facets better distinguish taxa with differing diets than do those on Phase I facets. Further, differences in microwear textures between facet types for a given taxon may themselves refiect diet. Some possible explanations for differences in microwear textures between facet types are proposed.
BibTeX: @article{Krueger2008, author = {Kristin L. Krueger and Jessica R. Scott and Richard F. Kay and Peter S. Ungar}, title = {Technical Note: Dental Microwear Textures of ‘‘Phase I’’ and ‘‘Phase II’’ Facets}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {137}, pages = {485-490}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20928} }
Kullmer, O., Benazzi, S., Fiorenza, L., Schulz, D., Bacso, S. & Winzen, O.	Technical Note: Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis: Quantification of Tooth Wear Pattern [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 139, pp. 600-605	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Information about food ingestion and mastication behavior during the lifespan of an individual is encoded in the dental occlusal wear pattern. To decode this information, we describe a new method called occlusal fingerprint analysis (OFA). Structural parameters of wear facets on the occlusal surface of teeth are quantified from digitized casts for the interpretation of occlusal aspects. The OFA provides an individual three-dimensional dental occlusal compass that indicates the major pathways of interaction between antagonists, revealing information about development, spatial position, and enlargement of wear facets. Humans develop a very similar overall pattern of crown contacts, although specific characteristics of wear facets refiect an individual’s occlusal relationships and masticatory behavior. We hypothesize that the wear pattern is a unique character and therefore valuable for individual identification. Furthermore we suggest that OFA, when further developed, may be useful for identification of behavioral, biological, and chemical factors affecting crown morphology.
BibTeX: @article{Kullmer2009, author = {Ottmar Kullmer and Stefano Benazzi and Luca Fiorenza and Dieter Schulz and Stefan Bacso and Olaf Winzen}, title = {Technical Note: Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis: Quantification of Tooth Wear Pattern}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {139}, pages = {600-605}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21086} }
Lamendin, H., Baccino, E., Humbert, J.F., Tavernier, J.C., Nossintchouk, R.M. & Zerilli, A.	A Simple Technique for Age Estimation in Adult Corpses: The Two Criteria Dental Method [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1992	J Forensic Sci Vol. 37(5), pp. 1373-1379	article	OPEN
Abstract: A method for age determination of adults from single rooted teeth is presented. It is based on the measurement of two dental features: periodontosis height times 100/root height (P) and transparency of the root height times 100/root height (T). These measurements are made on the labial surface of the entire tooth without section and do not require special equipment or training. The application of multiple regression analysis to a working sample of 306 teeth of known age, sex and race provided the following equation: Age (years) = 0.18 * P + 0.42 * T + 25.53. The mean error between the actual and estimated age was +- 10 years on the working sample and _+ 8.4 years on a control sample made of 45 forensic science cases. Upper incisors showed a better precision than the other single rooted teeth and accuracy was not sex related. A comparison of the Gustafson and Lamendin methods on a control sample of 39 teeth resulted in an advantage of the latter considering the mean error on the estimation (14.2 +- 3.4 years for Gustafson versus 8.9 _+ 2.2 for Lamendin). The Lamendin method can be of practical interest for any forensic pathologist or dentist as it is fast, easy to use, and reasonably accurate except for cases of individuals under age 40 where other methods must be preferred.
BibTeX: @article{Lamendin1992, author = {H. Lamendin And E. Baccino And J. F. Humbert And J. C. Tavernier And R. M. Nossintchouk And A. Zerilli}, title = {A Simple Technique for Age Estimation in Adult Corpses: The Two Criteria Dental Method}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1992}, volume = {37}, number = {5}, pages = {1373-1379} }
Leakey, M.G., Spoor, F., Brown, F.H., Gathogo, P.N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L.N. & McDougall, I.	New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Nature Vol. 410, pp. 433-440	article	OPEN
Abstract: Most interpretations of early hominin phylogeny recognize a single early to middle Pliocene ancestral lineage, best represented by Australopithecus afarensis, which gave rise to a radiation of taxa in the late Pliocene. Here we report on new fossils discovered west of Lake Turkana, Kenya, which differ markedly from those of contemporary A. afarensis, indicating that hominin taxonomic diversity extended back, well into the middle Pliocene. A 3.5 Myr-old cranium, showing a unique combination of derived facial and primitive neurocranial features, is assigned to a new genus of hominin. These ®ndings point to an early diet-driven adaptive radiation, provide new insight on the association of hominin craniodental features, and have implications for our understanding of Plio±Pleistocene hominin phylogeny.
BibTeX: @article{Leakey2001, author = {Meave G. Leakey and Fred Spoor and Frank H. Brown and Patrick N. Gathogo and Christopher Kiarie and Louise N. Leakey and Ian McDougall}, title = {New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2001}, volume = {410}, pages = {433-440} }
Lees, F.C. & Relethford, J.H.	Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 49(4), pp. 505-509	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Several different methods are suggested for the estimation of admixture proportions in hybrid populations based on skin reflectance data. These methods are applied to hybrid populations of known ancestry and yield results generally quite similar to those expected based on a simple genetic model. Results indicate the usefulness of these methods in hybridization studies and in the development and refinement of models of the genetics of skin color.
BibTeX: @article{Lees1978, author = {Lees, F. C. & Relethford, J. H.}, title = {Admixture estimation using skin reflectance data.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1978}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {505--509}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330490410 } }
de León, M.S.P. & Zollikofer, C.P.E.	Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for latehominid diversity [BibTeX]	2001	Nature Vol. 412, pp. 534-538	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Leon2001, author = {Marcia S. Ponce de León and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer}, title = {Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for latehominid diversity}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2001}, volume = {412}, pages = {534-538} }
Lieverse, A.R., Link, D.W., Bazaliiskiy, V.I., Goriunova, O.I. & Weber, A.W.	Dental Health Indicators of Hunter–Gatherer Adaptation and Cultural Change in Siberia’s Cis-Baikal [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 134, pp. 323-339	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This investigation of the Cis-Baikal dental record focuses on health and lifestyle reconstruction of the region’s mid-Holocene foragers, with particular interest in an apparent fifth millennium BC biocultural hiatus. The four cemetery populations considered represent two distinct biological and cultural groups separated by an apparent 700-year hiatus: the late Mesolithic-early Neolithic Kitoi culture (6800–4900 BC) and the middle Neolithic-early Bronze Age Serovo–Glaskovo cultural complex (4200–1000 BC). Research focuses on the frequency and severity of seven dental health indicators: enamel hypoplasia, caries, alveolar defects, periodontitis, antemortem tooth loss, dental calculus, and dental attrition. Together, these seven indicators provide a basis not only for better understanding midHolocene lifeways in the Cis-Baikal but also for independently assessing the relative effectiveness of the different adaptive strategies employed by preand posthiatus peoples. Results reveal some discrepancies between the Kitoi and Serovo–Glaskovo, specifically in their relative vulnerability to physiological stress, providing evidence to support previous interpretations of their distinct adaptive regimes (namely the narrower resource base and decreased mobility of the former). Results also suggest that some of the differences observed among the four sites may refiect geographical or environmental factors rather than simply cultural ones. However, despite these distinctions, the overriding trend appears to be one of general continuity, social equality, and good health among all mid-Holocene occupants of the Cis-Baikal, preand posthiatus alike.
BibTeX: @article{Lieverse2007, author = {Angela R. Lieverse and David W. Link and Vladimir Ivanovich Bazaliiskiy and Olga Ivanovna Goriunova and Andzrej W. Weber}, title = {Dental Health Indicators of Hunter–Gatherer Adaptation and Cultural Change in Siberia’s Cis-Baikal}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {134}, pages = {323-339}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20672} }
Lovejoy, C.O.	The natural history of human gait and posture Part 1. Spine and pelvis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Gait and Posture Vol. 21, pp. 95-112	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The human fossil record is one of the most complete for any mammal. A basal ancestral species, Australopithecus afarensis, exhibits a well-preserved postcranium that permits reconstruction of important events in the evolution of our locomotor skeleton. When compared with those of living apes and modern humans, this species provides a number of insights into the origin and design of the modern human frame as well as the selective agencies that have guided its evolution during the past three million years. Evolutionary aspects of the human spine and pelvis are reviewed, including their impact on several clinically relevant aspects of human gait and posture.
BibTeX: @article{Lovejoy2005, author = {C. Owen Lovejoy}, title = {The natural history of human gait and posture Part 1. Spine and pelvis}, journal = {Gait and Posture}, year = {2005}, volume = {21}, pages = {95-112}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.01.001} }
Lovejoy, C.O.	Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 47-56	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Modal patterns of occlusal attrition are presented for the Libben population based on a sample of 332 adult dentitions. Maxillas and mandibles were reviewed independently by seriation prior to assessment of complete dentitions. The Spearman rank order coefficient for upper and lower dentitions was .96. Wear patterns are very similar to those reported by Murphy (1959a: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 17:167-178) for Australian aborigines. There were no significant sexual differences in wear rate. Dental wear is concluded to be a highly reliable and important indicator of adult age at death for skeletal populations if seriation procedures are employed.
BibTeX: @article{Lovejoy1985, author = {Lovejoy, C. O.}, title = {Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {47--56}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680105} }
Lovejoy, C.O.; Meindl, R.S.M.R.P. &.B.T.J.	Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 1-14	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Traditional methods of estimating skeletal age at death have relied solely on the pubic symphyseal face or on this indicator combined with others in nonsystematic ways. A multifactorial method is presented that uses a principal components weighting of five indicators (public symphyseal face, auricular surface, radiographs of proximal femur, dental wear, and suture closure). This method has been tested by completely blind assessment of age in two samples from the Todd collection carefully screened for accuracy of stated age at death. Results show a marked superiority of the multifactorial method over any single indicator with respect to both bias and accuracy. This represents the first truly blind test of an age-at-death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed (as well as the compositions of the test samples with respect to these variables) were completely unknown until the tests were completed. Implications for paleodemography are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Lovejoy1985b, author = {Lovejoy, C. O.; Meindl, R. S.; Mensforth R. P. & Barton T. J.}, title = {Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {1--14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680102} }
Lovejoy, C.O.; Meindl, R.S.P.T.R. &.M.R.P.	Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 15-28	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death based upon chronological changes in the auricular surface of the ilium is presented. Formal stages have been constructed following extensive tests and refinements in observations made of such changes. Two completely "blind" tests were conducted to assess the accuracy and bias of the new method. Results show that the system is equally accurate to pubic symphyseal aging (although somewhat more difficult to apply), and also carries the advantages of a higher preservation rate for the auricular surface in archaeological populations and continued age-related change beyond the fifth decade.
BibTeX: @article{Lovejoy1985a, author = {Lovejoy, C. O.; Meindl, R. S.; Pryzbeck T. R. & Mensforth R. P.}, title = {Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {15--28}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103} }
Luna, L.H. ..	Alcances y limitaciones del concepto de estrés en bioarqueología [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Antípoda Vol. 3, pp. 255-279	article	OPEN
Abstract: The concept of stress in widely used in bioarchaeology in order to interpret the prevalence of several osteological markers. However, in many occasions the characteristics of the samples are not considered. The issue about which information they may offer, and which are the inferences that may be achieved in order to obtain relevant and consistent conclusions, are not evaluated. This paper aims to analyze the significance and limitations of the evaluation of stress situations in bioarchaeological samples, taking into consideration the characteristics of the skeletal samples. The incidence of the formation processes are also evaluated in relation with the results obtained, and two antagonistic theoretical perspectives are compared, the biocultural approach and the osteological paradox.
BibTeX: @article{Luna2006, author = {Leandro H . Luna}, title = {Alcances y limitaciones del concepto de estrés en bioarqueología}, journal = {Antípoda}, year = {2006}, volume = {3}, pages = {255-279} }
Maas, M.C.	Enamel structure and microwear: an experimental study of the response of enamel to shearing force. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1991	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 85(1), pp. 31-49	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: The anisotropic fracturing and differential wear properties of enamel microstructure represent factors that can obscure the predictive relationship between dental microwear and diet. To assess the impact of enamel structure on microwear, this in vitro experimental study examines the relative contributions to wear of three factors: 1) species differences in microstructure, 2) direction of shearing force relative to enamel prisms and crystallites, and 3) size of abrasive particles. Teeth of Lemur, Ovis, Homo, and Crocodylus, representing, respectively, the structural categories of prismatic patterns 1, 2, and 3 and nonprismatic enamel, were abraded by shearing forces (forces having a component directed parallel to abraded surfaces) and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Striation width increased with particle size for nonprismatic, but not for prismatic, specimens. Direction of shear relative to prism and crystallite orientation had a significant influence on striation width in only some prismatic enamels. The different responses of prismatic and nonprismatic enamels to abrasion reflect the influence of structure, but at the level of organization of crystallites rather than prisms per se. Such interactions explain in part the inability of striation width to discriminate among animals with different dietary habits. Heteroscedasticity and deviations from normality also may confound parametric analyses of microwear variables. Variation in crystallite orientation in prismatic enamels may contribute to optimal dental function through the property of differential wear in functionally distinct regions of teeth.
BibTeX: @article{Maas1991, author = {Maas, M. C.}, title = {Enamel structure and microwear: an experimental study of the response of enamel to shearing force.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1991}, volume = {85}, number = {1}, pages = {31--49}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330850106 } }
Mace, R. & Holden, C.J.	A phylogenetic approach to cultural evolution [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 20(3), pp. 116-121	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: There has been a rapid increase in the use of phylogenetic methods to study the evolution of languages and culture. Languages ﬁt a tree model of evolution well, at least in their basic vocabulary, challenging the view that blending, or admixture among neighbouring groups, was predominant in cultural history. Here,we argue that we can use language trees to test hypotheses about not only cultural history and diversiﬁcation, but also biocultural adaptation. Phylogenetic comparative methods take account of the non-independence of cultures (Galton’s problem), which can cause spurious statistical associations in comparative analyses. Advances in phylogenetic methods offer new possibilities for the analysis of cultural evolution, including estimating the rate of evolution and the direction of coevolutionary change of traits on the tree. They also enable phylogenetic uncertainty to be incorporated into the analyses, so that one does not have to treat phylogenetic trees as if they were known without error.
BibTeX: @article{Mace2005, author = {Ruth Mace and Clare J. Holden}, title = {A phylogenetic approach to cultural evolution}, journal = {TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution}, year = {2005}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, pages = {116-121}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.12.002} }
Malhi, R.S., Cybulski, J.S., Tito, R.Y., Johnson, J., Harry, H. & Dan, C.	Brief Communication: Mitochondrial Haplotype C4c Confirmed as a Founding Genome in the Americas [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 494-497	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Mitochondrial DNA analysis of 31 unrelated Shuswap speakers from a previously poorly sampled region of North America revealed two individuals with haplogroups rarely found in the Americas, C4c and C1d. Comparison of the complete genomes of the two individuals with others found in the literature confirms that C4c is a founding haplotype and gives insight into the evolution of the C1d haplotype. This study demonstrates the importance of collecting and analyzing data from Native North Americans when addressing hypotheses about the peopling of the Americas.
BibTeX: @article{Malhi2010, author = {Ripan S. Malhi and Jerome S. Cybulski and Raul Y. Tito and Jesse Johnson and Harold Harry and Carrie Dan}, title = {Brief Communication: Mitochondrial Haplotype C4c Confirmed as a Founding Genome in the Americas}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {494-497}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21238} }
Malina, R.M., Reyes, M.E.P. & Little, B.B.	Secular Change in Heights of Indigenous Adults From a Zapotec-Speaking Community in Oaxaca, Southern Mexico [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 463-475	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Secular change in adult height of residents in a rural indigenous community in the Valley of Oaxaca was evaluated. Subjects were measured in 1971 (49 males, 26 females 19–70 years), 1978 (128 males, 124 females 19–82 years) and 2000 (155 males, 255 females 19–89 years). Heights were adjusted for estimated loss with age using two protocols; height at 21 years of age was also estimated. The effects of age and secular factors on measured and adjusted heights were evaluated through segmented linear regressions for three birth periods, <1930, 1930 through 1959 and 1960 which approximate significant periods in Mexican history. Secular increase in height occurred but estimated rates varied over time and between sexes. Males born before 1930 showed a secular increase in height but females did not. Adults of both sexes born 1930–1959 showed secular gains and estimated rates did not differ. The secular gain in height continued among those born 1960 and later and estimated rates were similar in both sexes. Estimated height at 21 years of age increased in males (not significant) but not in females born before 1930, showed little or no change in those born between 1930-1959, and increased (not significant) in those born 1960 and later. Combining observations on adults with those for youth in the community indicated several phases of secular change in height that varied with years of birth.
BibTeX: @article{Malina2010, author = {Robert M. Malina and Maria Eugenia Peña Reyes and Bertis B. Little}, title = {Secular Change in Heights of Indigenous Adults From a Zapotec-Speaking Community in Oaxaca, Southern Mexico}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {463-475}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21167} }
Mandojana, J.M., de las Heras, S.M., Valenzuela, A., Valenzuela, M. & Luna, J.D.	Differences in Morphological Age-Related Dental Changes Depending on Postmortem Interval [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	J Forensic Sci Vol. 46(4), pp. 889-892	article	OPEN
Abstract: Morphological methods for age estimation from teeth have been developed and applied to samples without taking the postmortem interval into consideration. We studied differences in morphological age-related changes between fresh extracted teeth and teeth from human skeletal remains in order to develop appropriate dental age estimation methods according to the time after death. Forty-three permanent teeth from dental patients were compared to 37 teeth obtained from human skeletal remains with a postmortem interval from 21 to 37 years. Morphological age-related changes were investigated by measuring variables on intact and half-sectioned teeth. A new computer assisted image analysis procedure to avoid subjectivity was developed to measure variables in sectioned specimens. Dental color, translucency length, attrition, cementum apposition, and secondary dentin showed higher values in teeth from human skeletal remains than in fresh extracted teeth. Variables obtained by morphometric analysis of computer-generated images (tooth length, tooth width, root length, and root area) showed higher values in fresh extracted teeth than in teeth from skeletal remains. The postmortem interval affects age-related morphological changes, and therefore different methods should be used for teeth of unknown postmortem interval.
BibTeX: @article{Mandojana2001, author = {Juan M. Mandojana and Stella Martin-de las Heras and Aurora Valenzuela and Manuel Valenzuela and Juan D. Luna}, title = {Differences in Morphological Age-Related Dental Changes Depending on Postmortem Interval}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2001}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, pages = {889-892} }
Manica, A., Amos, W., Balloux, F. & Hanihara, T.	The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Nature Vol. 448, pp. 346-349	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The origin and patterns of dispersal of anatomically modern humans are the focus of considerable debate . Global genetic analyses have argued for one single origin, placed somewhere in Africa . This scenario implies a rapid expansion, with a series of bottlenecks of small amplitude, which would have led to the observed smooth loss of genetic diversity with increasing distance fromAfrica.Analyses of cranial data, on the other hand, have given mixed results , and have been argued to support multiple ori- gins of modern humans . Using a large data set of skull mea- surements and an analytical framework equivalent to that used for genetic data, we show that the loss in genetic diversity has been mirrored by a loss in phenotypic variability.We find evidence for an African origin, placed somewhere in the central/southern part of the continent, which harbours the highest intra-population diversity in phenotypic measurements.We failed to find evidence for a second origin, and we confirmthese results on a large genetic data set. Distance from Africa accounts for an average 19–25% of heritable variation in craniometric measurements—a remarkably strong effect for phenotypic measurements known to be under selection.
BibTeX: @article{Manica2007, author = {Andrea Manica and William Amos and François Balloux And Tsunehiko Hanihara}, title = {The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2007}, volume = {448}, pages = {346-349}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05951} }
Manríquez, G., González-Bergás, F.E., Salinas, J.C. & Espoueys, O.	Deformación intencional del cráneo en poblaciones arqueológicas de Arica, Chile: Análisis preliminar de morfometría geométrica con uso de radiografías craneofaciales [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Chungará Vol. 38(1), pp. 13-34	article	OPEN
Abstract: Intentional cranial deformation is a long lasting and worldwide form of permanent modification of the main human head distinctive anatomical attributes. In northern Chile it was extensively done during five thousand years by populations which inhabited the Coast and Valleys from Arica. In spite of the importance that the study of this practice has had in anthropological research, biocultural remains such as hear, mould and textils preclude the morphometric analyses commonly performed onto the clean skull. In order to avoid these limitations and to know the pattern of skull shape variation, geometric morphometric methods and craneofacial radiographic technics were applied on non deformed and intentionally deformed samples of Arica’s archaeological populations. As a control sample radiographs obtained from modern Chileans were used. Radiographic and geometric morphometric evidences here presented show that: (1) variation of skull shape components of intentionally deformed crania is explained by both the force and the direction of the deforming devices originally applied, (2) intentional deformation affects anatomical landmarks located in the neurocrania as well as the face, (3) there would be a morphological continuity among populations representatives of Archaic and Agro-ceramic cultural traditions. The role of geometric morphometric and radiographic technics to asses the problem of intentional cranial deformation in archaeological and modern human populations as well as the discrepancy between our results and the results obtained by means of the traditional morphometric methods are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Manriquez2006, author = {Germán Manríquez and Fermín E. González-Bergás and Juan Carlos Salinas and Oscar Espoueys}, title = {Deformación intencional del cráneo en poblaciones arqueológicas de Arica, Chile: Análisis preliminar de morfometría geométrica con uso de radiografías craneofaciales}, journal = {Chungará}, year = {2006}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {13-34} }
Mao, J.J. & Nah, H.-D.	Growth and development: Hereditary and mechanical modulations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Vol. 125(6), pp. 676-689	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Growth and development is the net result of environmental modulation of genetic inheritance. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and fibrogenic cells: the first 2 are chiefly responsible for endochondral ossification, and the last 2 for sutural growth. Cells are influenced by genes and environmental cues to migrate, proliferate, differentiate, and synthesize extracellular matrix in specific directions and magnitudes, ultimately resulting in macroscopic shapes such as the nose and the chin. Mechanical forces, the most studied environmental cues, readily modulate bone and cartilage growth. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates that cyclic forces evoke greater anabolic responses of not only craniofacial sutures, but also cranial base cartilage. Mechanical forces are transmitted as tissue-borne and cell-borne mechanical strain that in turn regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and matrix synthesis, the totality of which is growth and development. Thus, hereditary and mechanical modulations of growth and development share a common pathway via genes. Combined approaches using genetics, bioengineering, and quantitative biology are expected to bring new insight into growth and development, and might lead to innovative therapies for craniofacial skeletal dysplasia including malocclusion, dentofacial deformities, and craniofacial anomalies such as cleft palate and craniosynostosis, as well as disorders associated with the temporomandibular joint.
BibTeX: @article{Mao2004, author = {Jeremy J. Mao and Hyun-Duck Nah}, title = {Growth and development: Hereditary and mechanical modulations}, journal = {Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop}, year = {2004}, volume = {125}, number = {6}, pages = {676-689}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.08.024} }
Maples, W. & Rice, P.M.	Some Difficulties in the Gustafson Dental Age Estimations [BibTeX]	1979	J Forensic Sci Vol. 24(1), pp. 168-172	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Maples1979, author = {W. Maples And P. M Rice}, title = {Some Difficulties in the Gustafson Dental Age Estimations}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1979}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {168-172} }
Maples, W. & Rice, P.M.	An Improved Technique Using Dental Histology for Estimation of Adult Age [BibTeX]	1978	J Forensic Sci Vol. 23(4), pp. 764-770	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Maples1978, author = {W. Maples And P. M Rice}, title = {An Improved Technique Using Dental Histology for Estimation of Adult Age}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1978}, volume = {23}, number = {4}, pages = {764-770} }
McHenry, H.M. & Berger, L.R.	Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus and the origin of the genus Homo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Hum Evol Vol. 35, pp. 1-22	article	OPEN
Abstract: New discoveries of A. africanus fossils from Member 4 Sterkfontein reveal a body form quite unlike earlier Australopithecus species. The new adult material consists of over 48 fore- and hindlimb specimens and includes an associated partial skeleton, Stw 431. The forelimbs are relatively large: the average size of their joints corresponds to a modern human with body mass of 53 kg. The hindlimbs are much smaller with an average size matching a modern human of only 33 kg. Analyses of the Stw 431 partial skeleton confirm these results. In contrast, A. afarensis and anamensis more closely approximate a human pattern of forelimb to hindlimb joint size. This is an unanticipated complication in our understanding of early human evolution. In general, craniodental morphology tracks time in species of Australopithecus: A. anamensis (3·5–4·1 Ma) is the most primitive with a strongly sloping symphysis, large canine roots, etc., A. afarensis (3·0–3·6 Ma) is less primitive, and A. africanus (2·6– 3·0 Ma) shares many derived characteristics with early Homo (e.g., expanded brain, reduced canine, bicuspid lower third premolar, reduced prognathism, greater flexion of the cranial base, deeper TMJ). The new postcranial material, however, reveals an apparently primitive morphology of relatively large forelimb and small hindlimb joints resembling more the pongid than the human pattern. More pongid-like proportions are also present in the two known associated partial skeletons of H. habilis (OH 62 and KNM-ER 3735). This may imply either (1) that A. africanus and H. habilis evolved craniodental characters in parallel with the lineage leading to later Homo, or (2) that fore- to hindlimb proportions of A. afarensis (and perhaps A. anamensis) evolved independent of the lineage leading to Homo and does not imply a close phylogenetic link with Homo. Both of these explanations or any other phylogeny imply homoplasy.
BibTeX: @article{McHenry1998, author = {Henry M. McHenry and Lee R. Berger}, title = {Body proportions in Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus and the origin of the genus Homo}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {1998}, volume = {35}, pages = {1-22} }
Mednick, L.W.	The evolution of the human ilium. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(2), pp. 203-216	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Mednick1955, author = {Mednick, L. W.}, title = {The evolution of the human ilium.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {203--216} }
Megyesi, M., Ubelaker, D. & Sauer, N.	Test of the Lamendin aging method on two historic skeletal samples [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 131, pp. 363-367	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The Lamendin aging method involves the quantification of root translucency and the attachment position of the periodontal membrane. It was developed using recent medical-examiner specimens, and was tested on modern skeletal samples such as the Terry Collection (Lamendin et al. [1992] J. Forensic Sci. 37:1373–1379; Prince and Ubelaker [2002] J. Forensic Sci. 47:107–116). The method may be one of the most useful for estimating age after the mid-30s. The current study is an evaluation of the Lamendin criteria on two historic skeletal samples from Britain. Both the Christ’s Church Spitalfields and St. Bride’s Church collections represent documented skeletal samples that were interred in the 18th and 19th centuries. In total, 1,188 teeth from 220 adult individuals were examined from these two collections. The Lamendin method requires measuring total root length (cementoenamel junction to apex), gingival regression (cementoenamel junction to periodontal ligament attachment), and root translucency (root apex to maximum level of root translucency) on the labial surface of single-rooted teeth. Our results indicate that postmortem factors affect the applicability of the Lamendin technique to archaeological and historical samples. In particular, root translucency disappears with time, or is obscured by unknown postmortem taphonomic effects related to the length of interment or postmortem environment. Thirty-five percent of our sample showed no root translucency, indicating that caution is required when applying this method to archaeological or historical remains. The mean error of age estimates for Spitalfields and St. Bride’s was higher than in the original study of Lamendin et al. ([1992] J. Forensic Sci. 37: 1373–1379), and higher than in the test by Prince and Ubelaker ([2002] J. Forensic Sci. 47:107–116) of the Lamendin method on the Terry Collection.
BibTeX: @article{Megyesi2006, author = {MS. Megyesi And DH. Ubelaker And NJ. Sauer}, title = {Test of the Lamendin aging method on two historic skeletal samples}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2006}, volume = {131}, pages = {363-367}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20446} }
Meindl, R.S. & Lovejoy, C.O.	Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 57-66	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: A new method for estimation of age-at-death based on the degree of suture closure is presented. The method employs simple ectocranial scoring of specific sites on the external table. Composite scores for two groups of sutures, lateral-anterior and vault systems, which are used to provide estimates of age-at-death, have been developed from a sample of 236 crania from the Hamann-Todd Collection. A variety of tests show that the lateral-anterior sutures are superior to the sutures of the vault, that ectocranial is superior to endocranial observation, and that age estimates are independent of race and sex. It is concluded that suture closure can provide valuable estimates of age-at-death in both archaeological and forensic contexts when used in conjunction with other skeletal age indicators.
BibTeX: @article{Meindl1985a, author = {Meindl, R. S. & Lovejoy, C. O.}, title = {Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {57--66}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680106} }
Meindl, R.S.; Lovejoy, C.O.M.R.P. &.C.L.D.	Accuracy and direction of error in the sexing of the skeleton: implications for paleodemography. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 79-85	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Determinations of sex by subjective assessment of the skulls from a skeletal series of known sex were compared to fully independent assessments based on pelves of the same specimens. Within-sex correlations of cranial and pelvic morphologies measured on an android-gynecoid scale were smaller than expected. Subjective assessment by means of the skull compared favorably to that of the linear discriminant functions of Giles and Elliot; however, the direction of error was similar for both procedures. Of course, estimations based on the pelves were generally superior to both in terms of frequency and overall bias of error. The bias of sex estimation for paleodemographic purposes is contingent upon completeness of skeletal remains.
BibTeX: @article{Meindl1985, author = {Meindl, R. S.; Lovejoy, C. O.; Mensforth R. P. & Carlos L. Don}, title = {Accuracy and direction of error in the sexing of the skeleton: implications for paleodemography.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {79--85}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680108} }
Meindl, R.S.; Lovejoy, C.O.M.R.P. &.W.R.A.	A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 29-45	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: All current standardized methods of age determination using the os pubis were tested by blind assessment of a skeletal sample with documented ages (from the Todd collection; N = 96). No demographic data (sex, age, race, age composition) were known to the assessors prior to completion of the test. Results showed the Todd method to be more reliable than more recent component techniques and that all systems tended to underage. Therefore, modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted (N = 109). The age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample. Error due to race was nonsignificant. Biological stages of pubic metamorphosis are described and possible evolutionary specializations of the hominid symphysis are discussed. Revised standards for age determination are presented.
BibTeX: @article{Meindl1985b, author = {Meindl, R. S.; Lovejoy, C. O.; Mensforth R. P. & Walker R. A.}, title = {A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {29--45}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680104} }
Mensforth, R.P. & Lovejoy, C.O.	Anatomical, physiological, and epidemiological correlates of the aging process: a confirmation of multifactorial age determination in the Libben skeletal population. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 87-106	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Paleodemographic analyses based on estimates of skeletal age at death consistently report high levels of young adult mortality with few individuals living in excess of 50 years. Critics assert these data indicate systematic underaging of adults and justifiably remark that criteria for estimating skeletal age at death may be unreliable, age determinations are too frequently based on one or two criteria alone, and adult paleodemographic age profiles often mimic the age distribution of the modern population from which an age indicator's standards were originally derived. This study reports a series of tests based on well-documented biological aging phenomena that can be used to investigate potential effects of systematic underaging in adults, assuming the skeletal population is of sufficient size to permit such tests. These include patterns of third decade sternal clavicular epiphyseal fusion, multiple age and sex criteria associated with cortical bone dynamics, and fractures known to occur throughout the entire adult ages range. These phenomena are examined here for the Libben site skeletal population where adult age at death was determined by the multifactorial summary age technique. None of the biological criteria reported here were used in the Libben summary age analysis and thus serve as an independent test of accuracy in age determination. In addition, the summary age method has recently been applied to a series of modern skeletons of known age (Todd samples 1 and 2). Age standards for criteria employed with Libben and Todd 1 were identical. Since Todd 1 displayed underaging in older adults, a second Libben age distribution adjusted for Todd 1 bias was generated for comparison. A third Libben adult survivorship profile based on a Coale and Demeny West level 3 mortality experience, considered by some to be a more realistic model for skeletal populations, was produced for comparison. For all criteria examined, original Libben summary ages provided superior concordance with known patterns of biological aging in human populations. While Libben ages adjusted for Todd 1 bias were slightly better in the third decade, both Todd 1 adjusted and Coale and Demeny West level 3 age distributions produced unrealistic patterns of biological aging for individuals greater than 35 years. Implications of these results are discussed.
BibTeX: @article{Mensforth1985a, author = {Mensforth, R. P. & Lovejoy, C. O.}, title = {Anatomical, physiological, and epidemiological correlates of the aging process: a confirmation of multifactorial age determination in the Libben skeletal population.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {87--106}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680109} }
Miller, S.F., White, J.L. & Ciochon, R.L.	Assessing Mandibular Shape Variation Within Gigantopithecus Using a Geometric Morphometric Approach [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 137, pp. 201-212	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This study provides a survey of mandibular shape in a sample of extant hominoids (Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, and Hylobates), as well as extinct Asian and Eurasian taxa (Ouranopithecus, Sivapithecus, and Gigantopithecus) in order to compare overall shape similarity. Results presented call into question differences in mandible shape recently used to distinguish Gigantopithecus giganteus from Gigantopithecus blacki and to justify resurrecting a different generic designation, ‘‘Indopithecus,’’ for the former. It is concluded that while the two large-bodied Asian taxa may have been adapted to slightly different dietary niches with different geographic and temporal ranges, the unique mandibular/dental characters that the two taxa share should not be viewed as independent evolutionary developments.
BibTeX: @article{Miller2008, author = {Steven F. Miller and Jessica L. White and Russell L. Ciochon}, title = {Assessing Mandibular Shape Variation Within Gigantopithecus Using a Geometric Morphometric Approach}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {137}, pages = {201-212}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20856} }
Miloš, A., Selmanovic, A., Smajlovic, L., Huel, R.L., Cheryl, Katzmarzyk, Rizvic, A. & Parsons, T.J.	Success Rates of Nuclear Short Tandem Repeat Typing from Different Skeletal Elements [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Croat. Med. J. Vol. 48, pp. 486-493	article	OPEN
Abstract: Aim: To evaluate trends in DNA typing success rates of different skeletal elements from mass graves originating from conflicts that occurred in the former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo) during the 1990s, and to establish correlation between skeletal sample age and success of high throughput short tandem repeat (STR) typing in the large data set of the International Commission on Missing Persons. Method: DNA extraction and short tandem repeat (STR) typing have been attempted on over 25 000 skeletal samples. The skeletal samples originated from different geographical locations where the conflicts occurred and from different time periods from 1992 to 1999. DNA preservation in these samples was highly variable, but was often significantly degraded and of limited quantity. For the purpose of this study, processed samples were categorized according to skeletal sample type, sample age since death, and success rates tabulated. Results: Well-defined general trends in success rates of DNA analyses were observed with respect to the type of bone tested and sample age. The highest success rates were observed with samples from dense cortical bone of weight-bearing leg bones (femur 86.9%), whereas long bones of the arms showed significantly lower success (humerus 46.2%, radius 24.5%, ulna 22.8%). Intact teeth also exhibited high success rates (teeth 82.7%). DNA isolation from other skeletal elements differed considerably in success, making bone sample selection an important factor influencing success. Conclusion: The success of DNA typing is related to the type of skeletal sample. By carefully evaluating skeletal material available for forensic DNA testing with regard to sample age and type of skeletal element available, it is possible to increase the success and efficiency of forensic DNA testing.
BibTeX: @article{Milos2007, author = {Ana Miloš and Arijana Selmanovic and Lejla Smajlovic and René L.M. Huel and Cheryl and Katzmarzyk and Adi Rizvic and Thomas J. Parsons}, title = {Success Rates of Nuclear Short Tandem Repeat Typing from Different Skeletal Elements}, journal = {Croat. Med. J.}, year = {2007}, volume = {48}, pages = {486-493} }
Mitchell, J.C., Roberts, G.J., Donaldson, A.N.A. & Lucas, V.S.	Dental age assessment (DAA): Reference data for British caucasians at the 16 year threshold [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 189, pp. 19-23	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine reference data for dental age assessment (DAA) for the 16 year threshold in British caucasians. Patients, materials and methods: One thousand seven hundred and twenty-two Dental Panoramic Radiographs of individuals aged between 4 and 24 years were re-used to establish reference intervals using the tooth development stages (TDSs) previously described [A. Demirjian, H. Goldstein, J.M. Tanner, A newsystemof dental age, assessment, Human Biology 45 (1973) 221–227]. All teeth present in the left maxilla andmandible, and the third permanentmolarswere assessed. In addition, to test the accuracy of DAA, the radiographs of a study sample of 50 children of known chronological age (CA) were assessed in the same manner as the reference population. These were aged between 15 and 17 years and separate from the database. For each subject in the study sample a new method of mathematical manipulation based on meta-analysis was applied to all teeth that were still developing [G.J. Roberts, S. Parekh, A. Petrie, V.S. Lucas, Dental age assessment (DAA): a simple method for children and emerging adults, British Dental Journal 204(4) (2008) 192–193]. The estimated calculated average of all the teeth present on the radiograph of each individual generated by the meta-analysis was assigned to each individual as the dental age. For each test subject this was then compared to the gold standard of chronogical age. Results: The average difference between dental age and chronological age for individuals in the test sample was 0.27 years (3.24 months) in females and 0.23 years (2.76 months) in males. Conclusion: Dental age assessment obtained by calculation of tooth development stages using meta- analysis provides estimates of age around the 16 year threshold.
BibTeX: @article{Mitchell2009, author = {Julie C. Mitchell and Graham J. Roberts and Ana Nora A. Donaldson and Victoria S. Lucas}, title = {Dental age assessment (DAA): Reference data for British caucasians at the 16 year threshold}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2009}, volume = {189}, pages = {19-23}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.04.002} }
Molnar, P.	Dental Wear and Oral Pathology: Possible Evidence and Consequences of Habitual Use of Teeth in a Swedish Neolithic Sample [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 136, pp. 423-431	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Atypical wear and oral lesions were studied in the dental remains from the Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware Culture site Ajvide on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Teeth (n 5 764) from 17 males and 11 females were examined microscopically to document unusual wear, assess wear patterns and oral lesions as evidence of habitual behavior, and determine their effect on the oral health of this population. Five atypical wear types were observed: occlusal facets, occlusal excessive load, labial vertical striae, labial horizontal striae, and interproximal striae. Three oral lesions were recorded: chipping, periapical lesions, and dental tilting. Results indicate that teeth were used in a habitual manner at Ajvide, based on the morphology and regularity of the patterns of atypical wear. Differences were observed between the sexes, indicating gender-related differences in the habitual use of teeth. Some wear categories showed a significant correlation with age, signifying increased or accumulated wear with age. Statistically significant positive correlations were found in the molars between occlusal excessive load wear and periapical lesions as well as tilting. Other apparent links were also observed between chipping and vertical striae as well as excessive load, although these were not significant. This suggests a relationship between dental wear and dental pathologies at this site, suggesting that habitual use of teeth indirectly affected the general oral health at the site. Wear patterns, furthermore, seem to mirror both frequent activities as well as single events.
BibTeX: @article{Molnar2008, author = {Petra Molnar}, title = {Dental Wear and Oral Pathology: Possible Evidence and Consequences of Habitual Use of Teeth in a Swedish Neolithic Sample}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {136}, pages = {423-431}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20824} }
Monzavi, B.F., Ghodoosi, A., Savabi, O., Hasanzadeh, A. & Karimi, A.	Model of Age Estimation Based on Dental Factors of Unknown Cadavers Among Iranians. [published erratum appears in Journal of Forensic Sciences 2003 July;48(4)] [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Forensic Sci Vol. 48(2), pp. 379-381	article	OPEN
Abstract: Two hundred and ten cadavers ranging in age from 25 to 60 were studied. Thirty subjects from each five-year interval were selected, and data were collected using the mandibular anterior and premolar teeth after extraction. Sections ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm were measured by a stereo microscope with a precision of 0.1 mm. The following factors were determined: attrition, periodontosis, root resorption, secondary dentine apposition, cementum apposition, and translucency of the root. Statistical analysis used the sum of ranks of the dental factors as an independent variable in a linear regression model to estimate the age of the cadaver. Among the different mandibular teeth, the sum of ranks of the first premolar factors had the best correlation coefficient with age. The sum of the dental factors presented a better model than each of the factors alone. The first premolar is recommended as the first step in the estimation of age.
BibTeX: @article{Monzavi2003, author = {Babak Faghih Monzavi and Arash Ghodoosi and Omid Savabi and Akbar Hasanzadeh and Asghar Karimi}, title = {Model of Age Estimation Based on Dental Factors of Unknown Cadavers Among Iranians. [published erratum appears in Journal of Forensic Sciences 2003 July;48(4)]}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {379-381} }
Nakamura, N., Suzuki, A., Takahashi, H., Honda, Y., Sasaguri, M. & Ohish, M.	A Longitudinal Study on Influence of Primary Facial Deformities on Maxillofacial Growth in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate [BibTeX]	2005	The Cleft Palate - Craniofacial Journal Vol. 42(6), pp. 633-640	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Nakamura2005, author = {Norifumi Nakamura And Akira Suzuki And Hideki Takahashi And Yasuo Honda And Masaaki Sasaguri And Masamichi Ohish}, title = {A Longitudinal Study on Influence of Primary Facial Deformities on Maxillofacial Growth in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate}, journal = {The Cleft Palate - Craniofacial Journal}, year = {2005}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {633-640} }
Nalla, R., Kinney, J., Marshall, S. & Ritchie, R.	On the in vitro Fatigue Behavior of Human Dentin: Effect of Mean Stress [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	J Dent Res Vol. 83(3), pp. 211-215	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Human dentin is susceptible to failure under repetitive cyclic-fatigue loading. This investigation seeks to address the paucity of data that reliably quantify this phenomenon. Specifically, the effect of alternating vs. mean stresses, characterized by the stress- or load-ratio R (ratio of minimum-to-maximum stress), was investigated for three R values (-1, 0.1, and 0.5). Dentin was observed to be prone to fatigue failure under cyclic stresses, with susceptibility varying, depending upon the stress level. The "stress-life" (S/N) data obtained are discussed in the context of constant-life diagrams for fatigue failure. The results provide the first fatigue data for human dentin under tension-compression loading and serve to map out safe and unsafe regimes for failure over a wide range of in vitro fatigue lives (< 103 to > 106 cycles).
BibTeX: @article{Nalla2004, author = {R.K. Nalla and J.H. Kinney and S.J. Marshall and R.O. Ritchie}, title = {On the in vitro Fatigue Behavior of Human Dentin: Effect of Mean Stress}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {2004}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {211-215}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300305} }
Nelson, E. & Shultz, S.	Finger Length Ratios (2D:4D) in Anthropoids Implicate Reduced Prenatal Androgens in Social Bonding [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 395-405	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) has been proposed as a biomarker reflecting prenatal androgen effects (PAE), such that individuals with lower ratios have experienced higher PAE than those with higher ratios. 2D:4D has been correlated with a number of sex-linked traits in humans such as aggression, promiscuity, and competitiveness. In addition, polygynous societies reportedly have lower 2D:4D (higher PAE) than more monogamous populations. This evidence suggests that PAE may be implicated in the development of sexually selected behaviors in humans. To place 2D:4D research into a broader context, we test the relationship between digit ratios and behavior across nonhuman anthropoids; polygynous species, with higher levels of intrasexual competition, should have more pronounced markers of PAE (lower 2D:4D) than pair-bonded species. Our results accord with those found in humans: 2D:4D is lower in polygynous species and higher (lower PAE) in pair-bonded species. Old World monkeys have low, and relatively invariant 2D:4D (high PAE), which is coupled with high levels of intrasexual competition. This contrasts with higher and more variable ratios in both great apes and New World monkeys. In addition, both male and female ratios decrease with increasing levels of intrasexual competition. Human ratios are intermediate between pairbonded and more promiscuous hominoids. We propose that PAE may be involved in promoting species characteristic social behavior in anthropoids.
BibTeX: @article{Nelson2010, author = {Emma Nelson and Susanne Shultz}, title = {Finger Length Ratios (2D:4D) in Anthropoids Implicate Reduced Prenatal Androgens in Social Bonding}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {395-405}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21157} }
Nentwig, W.	The Importance of Human Ecology at the Threshold of the Next Millennium: How Can Population Growth Be Stopped? [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1999	Naturwissenschaften Vol. 86, pp. 411–421	article	OPEN
Abstract: Ecology is defined as the set of complex interactions between the biotic and abiotic environments. Human ecology concerns principally the population ecology “only” of Homo sapiens, but it also includes all aspects of global ecology because humans are the most important species. Human demography is characterized by a recent decline in mortality and fertility rates. These demographic transitions have largely been completed in industrialized countries, but not in the 140 developing countries. Approximately 100 countries are following the same demographic pattern as industrialized countries, however with a time delay of several generations. China has effectively reduced its population increase by means that would be unacceptable in Western democracies. Some 44 developing countries still show increasing population growth and no detectable demographic transition in birth rate. Thus one part of the world shows limited (and, in the long run, shrinking) population growth, and another continues with a strong increase. All populations are limited in their development by their sustainability by their environment, for example, food and energy resources, and the extent of pollution which the use of these resources produces. It is argued that in the case of human population the limits of sustainability have already been reached with the 6 billion humans alive today, since at least 20% of these suffer from hunger, natural resources are overexploited, and biodiversity is threatened. In the coming 200 years it is more likely that the total population will substantially oscillate rather than approach the predicted 12 billion. The most important goal of human ecology should therefore be to slow population growth as far as possible.
BibTeX: @article{Nentwig1999, author = {W. Nentwig}, title = {The Importance of Human Ecology at the Threshold of the Next Millennium: How Can Population Growth Be Stopped?}, journal = {Naturwissenschaften}, year = {1999}, volume = {86}, pages = {411–421} }
Neves, W.A., Hubbe, M. & Piló, L.B.	Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Sumidouro Cave, Lagoa Santa, Brazil: History of discoveries, geological and chronological context, and comparative cranial morphology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Hum Evol Vol. 52, pp. 16-30	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In this work, we present new evidence supporting the idea that the first Americans were very distinct from late and recent Native Americans and Asians in terms of cranial morphology. The study is based on 30 early Holocene specimens recovered from Sumidouro Cave (Lagoa Santa region, central Brazil) by Peter Lund in 1843. Sumidouro is the largest known collection of Paleoindian skulls deriving from a single site. Six different multivariate statistical methods were applied to assess the morphological affinities of the Sumidouro skulls in comparison to Howells’ worldwide extant series and late archaic Brazilian series (Base Aérea and Tapera). The results show a clear association between Sumidouro and Australo-Melanesians and none with late Asian and Amerindian series. These results are in accordance with those of previous studies of final Pleistocene/early Holocene human skulls from South, Central, and North America, attesting to a colonization of the New World by at least two different, succeeding biological populations: an early one with a cranial morphology similar to that found today in the African and Australian continents, and a later one with a morphology similar to that found today among northeastern Asians.
BibTeX: @article{Neves2007, author = {Walter A. Neves and Mark Hubbe and Luís Beethoven Piló}, title = {Early Holocene human skeletal remains from Sumidouro Cave, Lagoa Santa, Brazil: History of discoveries, geological and chronological context, and comparative cranial morphology}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2007}, volume = {52}, pages = {16-30}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.07.012} }
Nicholson, E. & Harvati, K.	Quantitative Analysis of Human Mandibular Shape Using Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 131, pp. 368-383	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Human mandibular morphology is often thought to reflect mainly function, and to be of lesser value in studies of population history. Previous descriptions of human mandibles showed variation in ramal height and breadth to be the strongest difference among recent human groups. Several mandibular traits that differentiate Neanderthals from modern humans include greater robusticity, a receding symphysis, a large retromolar space, a rounder gonial area, an asymmetric mandibular notch, and a posteriorly positioned mental foramen in Neanderthals. Nevertheless, the degree to which these differences are part of modern human variation and/or are related to size and function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to document geographic and functional patterning in the mandibular shape of recent humans, to assess the effects of allometry on mandibular form, and to quantitatively evaluate proposed ‘‘Neanderthal’’ mandibular traits through comparison with samples of geographically diverse recent humans. Data were collected in the form of three-dimensional coordinates of 28 landmarks. Unlike previous studies, this analysis found that modern human mandibular shape exhibits considerable geographic patterning, with some aspects of mandibular morphology reflecting a climatic gradient, and others, a functional specialization. Population history is also reflected in mandibular form, albeit relatively weakly. Proposed ‘‘Neanderthal’’ traits were found to separate Neanderthal from modern human mandibles successfully in the statistical analysis. Of these, the retromolar gap was found to be related to increased mandibular size in modern humans. The status of this trait as a Neanderthal autapomorphy should therefore be treated with caution.
BibTeX: @article{Nicholson2006, author = {Elisabeth Nicholson and Katerina Harvati}, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Human Mandibular Shape Using Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometrics}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2006}, volume = {131}, pages = {368-383}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20425} }
Nogueiro, I., Manco, L., Gomes, V., Amorim, A. & Gusmaö, L.	Phylogeographic Analysis of Paternal Lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish Communities [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 373-381	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The establishment of Jewish communities in the territory of contemporary Portugal is archaeologically documented since the 3rd century CE, but their settlement in Tra´s-os-Montes (NE Portugal) has not been proved before the 12th century. The Decree of Expulsion followed by the establishment of the Inquisition, both around the beginning of the 16th century, accounted for a significant exodus, as well as the establishment of crypto-Jewish communities. Previous Y chromosome studies have shown that different Jewish communities share a common origin in the Near East, although they can be quite heterogeneous as a consequence of genetic drift and different levels of admixture with their respective host populations. To characterize the genetic composition of the Portuguese Jewish communities from Tra´s-os-Montes, we have examined 57 unrelated Jewish males, with a high-resolution Y-chromosome typing strategy, comprising 16 STRs and 23 SNPs. A high lineage diversity was found, at both haplotype and haplogroup levels (98.74 and 82.83%, respectively), demonstrating the absence of either strong drift or founder effects. A deeper and more detailed investigation is required to clarify how these communities avoided the expected inbreeding caused by over four centuries of religious repression. Concerning haplogroup lineages, we detected some admixture with the Western European non-Jewish populations (R1b1b2-M269, ~28%), along with a strong ancestral component reflecting their origin in the Middle East [J1(xJ1a-M267), ~12%; J2-M172, ~25%; T-M70, ~16%] and in consequence Tra´s-os-Montes Jews were found to be more closely related with other Jewish groups, rather than with the Portuguese non- Jewish population.
BibTeX: @article{Nogueiro2010, author = {Inés Nogueiro and Licínio Manco and Verónica Gomes and António Amorim and Leonor Gusmaö}, title = {Phylogeographic Analysis of Paternal Lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish Communities}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {373-381}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21154} }
Oettlé, A.C., Becker, P.J., de Villiers, E. & Steyn, M.	The Influence of Age, Sex, Population Group, and Dentition on the Mandibular Angle as Measured on a South African Sample [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 139, pp. 505-511	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The mandibular angle is measured in physical anthropological assessments of human remains to possibly assist with the determination of sex and population affinity. The purpose of this investigation was to establish how the mandibular angle changes with age and loss of teeth among the sexes in South African population groups. The angles of 653 dried adult mandibles from the Pretoria Bone Collection were measured with a mandibulometer. Males and females of both South African whites and blacks were included. To compensate for imbalances in numbers among subgroups, type IV ANOVA testing was applied. No association was found between age and angle within either of the populations, within sexes, or within dentition groups. The angle was the most obtuse in individuals without molars and with an uneven distribution of molars, and most acute in the group with an even distribution of molars on both sides. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in the angle between the two population groups and sexes in the overall sample as well as in the subgroup with absent molar teeth (P 5 0.003 for sex, males more acute angle, and P 5 0.001 for population group, blacks more acute angle), although a very large overlap existed. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the sexes or populations within the subgroups with molars. We concluded that the loss of molars, especially if complete or uneven, has a considerable effect on the mandibular angle. In the assessment of human remains, the mandibular angle is not very usable in determining sex.
BibTeX: @article{Oettle2009, author = {Anna C. Oettlé and Piet J. Becker and Elzabe de Villiers and Maryna Steyn}, title = {The Influence of Age, Sex, Population Group, and Dentition on the Mandibular Angle as Measured on a South African Sample}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {139}, pages = {505-511}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21009} }
Olejniczak, A., Smith, T., Wang, W., Potts, R., Ciochon, R., Kullmer, O., Schrenk, F. & Hublin, J.-J.	Molar Enamel Thickness and Dentine Horn Height in Gigantopithecus blacki [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 135, pp. 84-91	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Absolutely thick molar enamel is consistent with large body size estimates and dietary inferences about Gigantopithecus blacki, which focus on tough or fibrous vegetation. In this study, 10 G. blacki molars demonstrating various stages of attrition were imaged using high-resolution microtomography. Three-dimensional average enamel thickness and relative enamel thickness measurements were recorded on the least worn molars within the sample (n 5 2). Seven molars were also virtually sectioned through the mesial cusps and two-dimensional enamel thickness and dentine horn height measurements were recorded. Gigantopithecus has the thickest enamel of any fossil or extant primate in terms of absolute thickness. Relative (size-scaled) measures of enamel thickness, however, support a thick characterization (i.e., not ‘‘hyperthick’’); G. blacki relative enamel thickness overlaps slightly with Pongo and completely with Homo. Gigantopithecus blacki dentine horns are relatively short, similar to (but shorter than) those of Pongo, which in turn are shorter than those of humans and African apes. Gigantopithecus blacki molar enamel (and to a lesser extent, that of Pongo pygmaeus) is distributed relatively evenly across the occlusal surface compared with the more complex distribution of enamel thickness in Homo sapiens. The combination of evenly distributed occlusal enamel and relatively short dentine horns in G. blacki results in a flat and low-cusped occlusal surface suitable to grinding tough or fibrous food objects. This suite of molar morphologies is also found to varying degrees in Pongo and Sivapithecus, but not in African apes and humans, and may be diagnostic of subfamily Ponginae.
BibTeX: @article{Olejniczak2008, author = {A.J. Olejniczak and T.M. Smith and W. Wang and R. Potts and R. Ciochon and O. Kullmer and F. Schrenk and J.-J. Hublin}, title = {Molar Enamel Thickness and Dentine Horn Height in Gigantopithecus blacki}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {135}, pages = {84-91}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20711} }
O’Loughlin, V.D.	Effects of Different Kinds of Cranial Deformation on the Incidence of Wormian Bones [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 123, pp. 146-155	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Researchers have debated whether the presence and frequency of wormian bones (sutural bones, supernumerary bones, and ossicles) are attributable to genetic factors, environmental factors, or both. This research examines the effects of many different kinds of cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones. A sample of 127 deformed and undeformed crania from New World archaeological sites was examined. An undeformed cranial sample (n = 35) was compared to the following cranially deformed groups: 1) occipital, 2) lambdoid, 3) annular, 4) fronto-vertico-occipital, 5) parallelo-fronto-occipital, and 6) sagittal synostosis. Three levels of degree of cultural cranial deformation were qualitatively determined. Type and number of wormian bones along each major suture were recorded for each cranium. Group means were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA statistical tests to test the null hypothesis that cranial deformation does not have an effect on wormian bone incidence. Results indicate that all forms of cranial deformation affect the frequency of some types of wormian bones. In particular, all cranially deformed groups exhibited significantly greater frequencies of lambdoid ossicles. Apical, parieto-mastoid, and occipito-mastoid wormian bones also appeared with greater frequency in some groups of culturally deformed crania. Further, varying degrees of cultural deformation all had more lambdoid wormian bones than the undeformed group. These results suggest that wormian bone development in posteriorly placed sutures may be affected more by environmental forces than are their anteriorly placed counterparts.
BibTeX: @article{O’Loughlin2004, author = {Valerie Dean O’Loughlin}, title = {Effects of Different Kinds of Cranial Deformation on the Incidence of Wormian Bones}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2004}, volume = {123}, pages = {146-155}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10304} }
de Paiva, L.A.S. & Segre, M.	Sexing the human skull through the mastoid process [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. S. Paulo Vol. 58(1), pp. 15-20	article	OPEN
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance for sex determination of the measurement of the area formed by the xerographic projection of 3 craniometric points related to the mastoid process: the porion, asterion, and mastoidale points. METHOD: Sixty skulls, 30 male and 30 female, were analyzed. A xerographic copy of each side of the skull was obtained. On each xerographic copy, the craniometric points were marked to demarcate a triangle. The area (mm2) of the demarcated triangle for each side of the skull (right (D) and left (E) sides) was determined, and the total value of these measures (T) was calculated. RESULTS: Concerning the right area of the male and female skulls, 60% of the values overlapped; for the left area, 51.67% overlapped, and for the total area, 36.67% overlapped. The analysis of the differences between the sexes in the areas studied was significant for the 3 areas. Regarding the total area, which is the preferred measurement because of the asymmetry between the sides of the skull, the value of the mean was 1505.32 mm2 for male skulls, which was greater than the maximum value obtained in the female skulls. The value of the mean for female skulls was 1221.24 mm2, less than the minimum value obtained for the male skulls. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a significant result in the 3 studied areas, (D), (E), and (T). The total area values show less overlapping of values between the sexes, and therefore can be used for sexing human skulls. For the population studied, values of the total area that were greater than or equal to 1447.40 mm2 belonged to male crania (95% confidence). Values for this area that were less than or equal to 1260.36 mm2 belonged to female crania (95% confidence).
BibTeX: @article{Paiva2003, author = {Luiz Airton Saavedra de Paiva and Marco Segre}, title = {Sexing the human skull through the mastoid process}, journal = {Rev. Hosp. Clín. Fac. Med. S. Paulo}, year = {2003}, volume = {58}, number = {1}, pages = {15-20} }
Palumbi, S.R.	Humans as the World's Greatest Evolutionary Force [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2001	Science Vol. 293(5536), pp. 1786-1790	article	OPEN
Abstract: In addition to altering global ecology, technology and human population growth also affect evolutionary trajectories, dramatically accelerating evolutionary change in other species, especially in commercially important, pest, and disease organisms. Such changes are apparent in antibiotic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to drugs, plant and insect resistance to pesticides, rapid changes in invasive species, life-history change in commercial fisheries, and pest adaptation to biological engineering products. This accelerated evolution costs at least $33 billion to $50 billion a year in the United States. Slowing and controlling arms races in disease and pest management have been successful in diverse ecological and economic systems, illustrating how applied evolutionary principles can help reduce the impact of humankind on evolution.
BibTeX: @article{Palumbi2001, author = {Stephen R. Palumbi}, title = {Humans as the World's Greatest Evolutionary Force}, journal = {Science}, year = {2001}, volume = {293}, number = {5536}, pages = {1786-1790} }
Perez, S.I. & Monteiro, L.R.	Nonrandom Factors In Modern Human Morphological Diversification: A Study Of Craniofacial Variation In Southern South American Populations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Evolution Vol. 63, pp. 978-993	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The causes of craniofacial variation among human populations have been the subject of controversy. In this work, we studied aboriginal populations from southern South America, the last continental region peopled by humans and with a wide range of ecological conditions. Because of these characteristics, southern South America provides a unique opportunity to study the relative importance of random and nonrandom factors in human diversification. Previous craniometric studies recognized remarkable differences among populations from this region, usually resorting to random factors as the main explanation. In contrast, here we suggest, using tests based on quantitative genetic models, that: (1) the rate of craniofacial divergence among these populations is too high and (2) the patterns of variation within and between populations are too different to be explained by genetic drift alone. In addition, the among-sample craniofacial variation is correlated with climate and diet but not with mtDNA variation. We suggest that the infiuence of nonrandom factors (e.g., plasticity, selection) on human craniofacial diversification in regions with large ecological variation is more important than generally acknowledged and capable to generate large craniofacial divergence in a short period of time. These results bring nonrandom factors into focus for the interpretation of human craniofacial variation.
BibTeX: @article{Perez2009, author = {S. Ivan Perez and and Leandro R. Monteiro}, title = {Nonrandom Factors In Modern Human Morphological Diversification: A Study Of Craniofacial Variation In Southern South American Populations}, journal = {Evolution}, year = {2009}, volume = {63}, pages = {978-993}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00539.x} }
Pomeroy, E., Stock, J.T., Zakrzewski, S.R. & Lahr, M.M.	A Metric Study of Three Types of Artificial Cranial Modification from North-Central Peru [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Int J Osteoarchaeol	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Artificial cranial modification (ACM) involves the alteration of cranial vault shape by cultural means, and is performed during infancy while the cranial bones remain soft and malleable. The direction of normal cranial growth is altered through the application of external forces. In this study, three types of ACM from north-central Peru (posterior flattening, bilobed and circumferential) were analysed using standard craniometric techniques. The aim was to determine the effects of these forms of ACM on craniofacial morphology, and the extent to which different types of ACM could be distinguished from one another and unmodified crania on the basis of these measurements. Significant differences between artificially modified and unmodified crania, and between different types of ACM, were demonstrated in cranial vault shape for all types. Significant differences in facial morphology were found only in the bilobed group compared with the unmodified crania. Canonical variates analysis (discriminant analysis) confirmed that major differences between modification types and unmodified crania were in measurements and angles of the cranial vault. While the results show some similarities to previous studies, they add to the variability in the patterns and extent of differences documented to date. It is suggested, based on these results and visual observations, that interpopulation variation in ACM within major modification categories may explain some of the variability in results between studies, an explanation which has previously received insufficient recognition but which remains to be tested since varied methodology between studies may also be a contributory factor. While previous studies have often sought to generalise about the effects of ACM, the examination of the differences between populations even within major ACM categories may offer new insight into cultural variation in modification techniques between populations and the nature of craniofacial development.
BibTeX: @article{Pomeroy2009, author = {Emma Pomeroy And Jay T. Stock And Sonia R. Zakrzewski And Marta Mirazón Lahr}, title = {A Metric Study of Three Types of Artificial Cranial Modification from North-Central Peru}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {2009}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.1044} }
Porter, A.E., Nalla, R.K., Minora, A., Jinschek, J.R., Kisielowskia, C., Radmilovica, V., Kinney, J.H., Tomsia, A.P. & Ritchieb, R.	Transmission electron microscopy study of mineralization in age-induced transparent dentin [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Biomaterials Vol. 26, pp. 7650-7660	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: It is known that fractures are more likely to occur in altered teeth, particularly following restoration or endodontic repair; consequently, it is important to understand the structure of altered forms of dentin, the most abundant tissue in the human tooth, in order to better define the increased propensity for such fractures.Transparent (or sclerotic) dentin, wherein the dentinal tubules become occluded with mineral as a natural progressive consequence of aging, is one such altered form.In the present study, highresolution transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate the effect of aging on the mineral phase of dentin.Such studies revealed that the intertubular mineral crystallites were smaller in transparent dentin, and that the intratubular mineral (larger crystals deposited within the tubules) was chemically similar to the surrounding intertubular mineral.Exit-wave reconstructed lattice-plane images suggested that the intratubular mineral had nanometer-size grains.These observations support a ‘‘dissolution and reprecipitation’’ mechanism for the formation of transparent dentin.
BibTeX: @article{Porter2005, author = {Alexandra E. Porter and Ravi K. Nalla and Andrew Minora and Joerg R. Jinschek and Christian Kisielowskia and Velimir Radmilovica and John H. Kinney and Antoni P. Tomsia and R.O. Ritchieb}, title = {Transmission electron microscopy study of mineralization in age-induced transparent dentin}, journal = {Biomaterials}, year = {2005}, volume = {26}, pages = {7650-7660}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.059} }
Prince, D.A., Kimmerle, E.H. & Konigsberg, L.W.	A Bayesian Approach to Estimate Skeletal Age-at-Death Utilizing Dental Wear [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Forensic Sci Vol. 53(3), pp. 588-593	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In the forensic context, teeth are often recovered in mass disasters, armed conflicts, and mass graves associated with human rights violations. Therefore, for victim identification, techniques utilizing the dentition to estimate the first parameters of identity (e.g., age) can be critical. This analysis was undertaken to apply a Bayesian statistical method, transition analysis, based on the Gompertz–Makeham (GM) hazard model, to estimate individual ages-at-death for Balkan populations utilizing dental wear. Dental wear phases were scored following Smith’s eight-phase ordinal scoring method and chart. To estimate age, probability density functions for the posterior distributions of age for each tooth phase are calculated. Transition analysis was utilized to generate a mean age-of-transition from one dental wear phase to the next. The age estimates are based on the calculated age distribution from the GM hazard analysis and the ages-of-transition. To estimate the age-at-death for an individual, the highest posterior density region for each phase is calculated. By using a Bayesian statistical approach to estimate age, the population’s age distribution is taken into account. Therefore, the age estimates are reliable for the Balkan populations, regardless of population or sex differences. The results showed that a vast amount of interpersonal variation in dental wear exists within the current sample and that this method may be most useful for classifying unknown individuals into broad age cohorts rather than small age ranges
BibTeX: @article{Prince2008a, author = {Debra A. Prince and Erin H. Kimmerle and Lyle W. Konigsberg}, title = {A Bayesian Approach to Estimate Skeletal Age-at-Death Utilizing Dental Wear}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2008}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {588-593}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00714.x} }
Prince, D.A. & Konigsberg, L.W.	New Formulae for Estimating Age-at-Death in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique and Bayesian Analysis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Forensic Sci Vol. 53(3), pp. 578-587	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The present study analyzed apical translucency and periodontal recession on single-rooted teeth in order to generate age-at-death estimations using two inverse calibration methods and one Bayesian method. The three age estimates were compared to highlight inherent problems with the inverse calibration methods. The results showed that the Bayesian analysis reduced severity of several problems associated with adult skeletal age-at-death estimations. The Bayesian estimates produced a lower overall mean error, a higher correlation with actual age, reduced aging bias, reduced age mimicry, and reduced the age ranges associated with the most probable age as compared to the inverse calibration methods for this sample. This research concluded that periodontal recession cannot be used as a univariate age indicator, due to its low correlation with chronological age. Apical translucency yielded a high correlation with chronological age and was concluded to be an important age indicator. The Bayesian approach offered the most appropriate statistical analysis for the estimation of age-at-death with the current sample
BibTeX: @article{Prince2008, author = {Debra A. Prince and Lyle W. Konigsberg}, title = {New Formulae for Estimating Age-at-Death in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique and Bayesian Analysis}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2008}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {578-587}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00713.x} }
Prince, D. & Ubelaker, D.	Application of Lamendin’s adult dental aging technique to a diverse skeletal sample [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	J Forensic Sci Vol. 47(1), pp. 107-116	article	OPEN
Abstract: Lamendin et al. (1) proposed a technique to estimate age at death for adults by analyzing single-rooted teeth. They expressed age as a function of two factors: translucency of the tooth root and periodontosis (gingival regression). In their study, they analyzed 306 singled rooted teeth that were extracted at autopsy from 208 individuals of known age at death, all of whom were considered as having a French ancestry. Their sample consisted of 135 males, 73 females, 198 whites, and 10 blacks. The sample ranged in age from 22 to 90 years of age. By using a simple formulae (A = 0.18 X P + 0.42 X T + 25.53, where A = Age in years, P = Periodontosis height X 100/root height, and T = Transparency height X 100/root height), Lamendin et al. were able to estimate age at death with a mean error of +- 10 years on their working sample and +- 8.4 years on a forensic control sample. Lamendin found this technique to work well with a French population, but did not test it outside of that sample area. This study tests the accuracy of this adult aging technique on a more diverse skeletal population, the Terry Collection housed at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. Our sample consists of 400 teeth from 94 black females, 72 white females, 98 black males, and 95 white males, ranging from 25 to 99 years. Lamendin’s technique was applied to this sample to test its applicability to a population not of French origin. Providing results from a diverse skeletal population will aid in establishing the validity of this method to be used in forensic cases, its ideal purpose. Our results suggest that Lamendin’s method estimates age fairly accurately outside of the French sample yielding a mean error of 8.2 years, standard deviation 6.9 years, and standard error of the mean 0.34 years. In addition, when ancestry and sex are accounted for, the mean errors are reduced for each group (black females, white females, black males, and white males). Lamendin et al. reported an inter-observer error of 9 +- 1.8 and 10 +- 2 years from two independent observers. Forty teeth were randomly remeasured from the Terry Collection in order to assess an intra-observer error. From this retest, an intra-observer error of 6.5 years was detected.
BibTeX: @article{Prince2002, author = {Debra Prince And Douglas Ubelaker}, title = {Application of Lamendin’s adult dental aging technique to a diverse skeletal sample}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2002}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {107-116} }
Rapoff, A.J., Rinaldi, R.G., Hotzman, J.L. & Daegling, D.J.	Elastic Modulus Variation in Mandibular Bone: A Microindentation Study of Macaca fascicularis [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 135, pp. 100-109	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: We characterized the heterogeneous anisotropic elastic properties of mandibular bone in an adult female specimen of Macaca fascicularis using the technique of microindentation. This approach used an indenter of known mass and geometry to sample bone hardness at a spatial resolution in the order of 100 lm. Hardness values were converted to elastic modulus using empirically derived regression. We determined properties in alveolar, midcorpus, and basal regions of coronal and transverse sections taken from multiple locations along the corpus and ramus. Within sections, we determined properties from endosteal, midcortical, and periosteal regions. We found regional variations in bone structure, including bands of orthotropic circumferential lamellar bone at the endosteal and periosteal corpus base, angular region, and ramus. Transversely isotropic osteonal bone characterizes the midcortices of alveolar and basal regions, with many resorption spaces in alveolar regions restricting sampling opportunities. Regional variations in elasticity include relatively compliant bone in the anterior corpus and ramus. Basal cortical bone is stiffer longitudinally than transversely or superoinferiorly, while the evidence for directional dependence in alveolar bone is equivocal. Alveolar bone appears to be relatively compliant with respect to bone found in midcorpus or basal regions. Considerable variation exists in structure and material properties on a highly localized scale, more so than is discernible through conventional approaches for determining material property variation.
BibTeX: @article{Rapoff2008, author = {Andrew J. Rapoff and Renaud G. Rinaldi and Jennifer L. Hotzman and David J. Daegling}, title = {Elastic Modulus Variation in Mandibular Bone: A Microindentation Study of Macaca fascicularis}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {135}, pages = {100-109}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20714} }
Raxter, M.H., Auerbach, B.M. & Ruff, C.B.	Revision of the Fully Technique for Estimating Statures [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 130, pp. 374-384	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The ‘‘anatomical’’ method of Fully ([1956] Ann. Legale Med. 35:266–273) for reconstructing stature, involving the addition of skeletal elements from the calcaneus to the skull, has been increasingly used in anthropological and forensic contexts, but has undergone little systematic testing on samples other than the original sample used to develop the technique. The original description by Fully of the method also does not provide completely explicit directions for taking all of the necessary measurements. This study tested the accuracy and applicability of his method, and clarified measurement procedures. The study sample consisted of 119 adult black and white males and females of known cadaveric statures from the Terry Collection. Cadaveric statures were adjusted to living statures, following the recommendations of Trotter and Gleser ([1952] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 10:469–514). We obtained the best results using maximum vertebral body heights (anterior to the pedicles) and measurement of the articulated talus and calcaneus height in anatomical position. Statures derived using the original Fully technique are strongly correlated with living statures in our sample (r ¼ 0.96), but underestimate living stature by an average of about 2.4 cm. Anatomical considerations also suggest that the correction factors applied by Fully to convert summed skeletal height to living stature are too small. New formulae are derived to calculate living stature from skeletal height. There is no effect of sex or ancestry on stature prediction. Resulting stature estimates are accurate to within 4.5 cm in 95% of the individuals in our sample, with no directional bias.
BibTeX: @article{Raxter2006, author = {Michelle H. Raxter and Benjamin M. Auerbach and Christopher B. Ruff}, title = {Revision of the Fully Technique for Estimating Statures}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2006}, volume = {130}, pages = {374-384}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20361} }
Ray, N., Currat, M., Berthier, P. & Excoffier, L.	Recovering the geographic origin of early modern humans by realistic and spatially explicit simulations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Genome Res Vol. 15, pp. 1161-1167	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Most genetic and archeological evidence argue in favor of a recent and unique origin of modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa, but no attempt has ever been made at quantifying the likelihood of this model, relative to alternative hypotheses of human evolution. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using multilocus genetic data to correctly infer the geographic origin of humans, and to distinguish between a unique origin (UO) and a multiregional evolution (ME) model. We introduce here an approach based on realistic simulations of the genetic diversity expected after an expansion process of modern humans into the Old World from different possible areas and their comparison to observed data. We find that the geographic origin of the expansion can be correctly recovered provided that a large number of independent markers are used, and that precise information on past demography and potential places of origins is available. In that case, it is also possible to unambiguously distinguish between a unique origin and a multiregional model of human evolution. Application to a real human data set of 377 STR markers tested in 22 populations points toward a unique but surprising North African origin of modern humans. We show that this result could be due to ascertainment bias in favor of markers selected to be polymorphic in Europeans. A new estimation modeling this bias explicitly reveals that East Africa is the most likely place of origin for modern humans.
BibTeX: @article{Ray2005, author = {Nicolas Ray and Mathias Currat and Pierre Berthier and Laurent Excoffier}, title = {Recovering the geographic origin of early modern humans by realistic and spatially explicit simulations}, journal = {Genome Res}, year = {2005}, volume = {15}, pages = {1161-1167}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.3708505} }
Relethford, J.H.	Apportionment of Global Human Genetic Diversity Based on Craniometrics and Skin Color [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 118, pp. 393-398	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A number of analyses of classical genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms have shown that the majority of human genetic diversity exists within local populations (85%), with much less among local populations (~5%) or between major geographic regions or “races” (~10%). Previous analysis of craniometric variation (Relethford [1994] American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95:53–62) found that between 11–14% of global diversity exists among geographic regions, with the remaining diversity existing within regions. The methods used in this earlier paper are extended to a hierarchical partitioning of genetic diversity in quantitative traits, allowing for assessment of diversity among regions, among local populations within regions, and within local populations. These methods are applied to global data on craniometric variation (57 traits) and skin color. Multivariate analysis of craniometric variation shows results similar to those obtained from genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms: roughly 13% of the total diversity is among regions, 6% among local populations within regions, and 81% within local populations. This distribution is concordant with neutral genetic markers. Skin color shows the opposite pattern, with 88% of total variation among regions, 3% among local populations within regions, and 9% within local populations, a pattern shaped by natural selection. The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical, and cannot be used for purposes of classi?cation. If racial groups are based on skin color, it appears unlikely that other genetic and quantitative traits will show the same patterns of variation.
BibTeX: @article{Relethford2002, author = {John H. Relethford}, title = {Apportionment of Global Human Genetic Diversity Based on Craniometrics and Skin Color}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2002}, volume = {118}, pages = {393-398}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10079} }
Relethford, J.H.	Craneometric Variation Amog Modern Human Populations [BibTeX]	1994	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 95, pp. 53-62	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Relethford1994, author = {John H. Relethford}, title = {Craneometric Variation Amog Modern Human Populations}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1994}, volume = {95}, pages = {53-62} }
Rhode, M.P. & Arriaza, B.T.	Influence of Cranial Deformation on Facial Morphology Among Prehistoric South Central Andean Populations [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 130, pp. 462-470	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Calculating biodistances among South American populations using cranial measurements is often hindered, as many available skeletal collections exhibit deformation. Acknowledging vault modifications, researchers have sought measurements in other regions which are unaffected by deformation. In the 1970s, a set of 10 ‘‘relatively’’ unaffected facial measurements was identified in Argentinean crania that later became the basis of numerous South American biodistance studies. These measurements include: minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbit height, orbit breadth, palate breath, palate length, upper facial height, basion-prosthion length, nasal height, and nasal breadth. Palate length was excluded from the present analysis due to considerable measurement error. The suitability of these measurements in populations other than Argentineans has not been rigorously tested. Using a sample of 350 prehistoric crania from the Museo Arqueolo´gico San Miguel de Azapa (MASMA, Arica, Chile), this project tested the hypothesis that these measurements are unaffected by either annular or tabular deformation. Results obtained from MANOVA analysis indicate this hypothesis cannot be fully supported. Among males, only 3 of the 9 measurements are unaffected by either form of deformation (palate breadth, basion-prosthion length, and nasal breadth), while analysis of females indicates that 4 of the 9 measurements remain unaltered (minimum frontal breadth, orbit breadth, basion-prosthion length, and nasal breadth). Additionally, analogous to the vault, facial measurements display patterns consistent with the deformation applied. Two implications can be drawn from this research: 1) previous studies using these measurements must be interpreted cautiously, and 2) researchers using these measurements must explicitly test their suitability in each population.
BibTeX: @article{Rhode2006, author = {Matthew P. Rhode and Bernardo T. Arriaza}, title = {Influence of Cranial Deformation on Facial Morphology Among Prehistoric South Central Andean Populations}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2006}, volume = {130}, pages = {462-470}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20333} }
Richmond, R. & Pretty, I.A.	A Range of Postmortem Assault Experiments Conducted on a Variety of Denture Labels Used for the Purpose of Identiﬁcation of Edentulous Individuals [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(2), pp. 411-414	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Forensic organizations worldwide have recommended that dental prostheses should be labeled with at least the patient’snameand preferably with further unique identifiers such as social security number, etc. The practice of denture marking has been conducted over many years and several denture marking systems have been reported in the dental literature. However, very little is known about the resilience of such systems to conditions experienced in the majority of post- and perimortem assaults. The purpose of this investigation therefore, was to expose a selection of 10 denture labels to a series of hostile environments. Results of the study indicate that the majority of the denture labeling systems appear capable of withstanding a range of common, and not so common postmortem assaults. With regard to thermal insult, however, most performed badly with the exception of a label constructed from stainless steel orthodontic band. However, another label in the form of an electronic RFID-tag performed above expectations in the majority of experiments. Furthermore, its cosmetic appearance has proven most popular with many patients.
BibTeX: @article{Richmond2009, author = {Raymond Richmond and Iain A. Pretty}, title = {A Range of Postmortem Assault Experiments Conducted on a Variety of Denture Labels Used for the Purpose of Identiﬁcation of Edentulous Individuals}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {411-414}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.00987.x} }
Richtsmeier, J.T., Deleon, V.B. & Lele, S.R.	The Promise of Geometric Morphometrics [BibTeX]	2002	Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology Vol. 45YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, pp. 63-91	article	OPEN	DOI
BibTeX: @article{Richtsmeier2002, author = {Joan T. Richtsmeier And Valerie Burke Deleon And Subhash R. Lele}, title = {The Promise of Geometric Morphometrics}, booktitle = {YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY}, journal = {Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology}, year = {2002}, volume = {45}, pages = {63-91}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10174} }
Ritzman, T.B., Baker, B.J. & Schwartz, G.T.	A Fine Line: A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Ages of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Formation [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 135, pp. 348-361	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: It is accepted that linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs), a speciﬁc type of enamel thickness deﬁciency, are related to periodic physiological disruptions to enamel matrix secretion during times that teeth are developing. Thus, LEHs are treated as general indicators of metabolic stress. Because the disruptions that cause LEHs affect only the portion of the crown that is in the process of forming, determining their locations allows researchers to reconstruct chronologies of stressful events. It is widely held that the many of the commonly used macroscopic methods for estimating the timing of LEHs are imprecise and do not conform to our current understanding of the process of enamel formation. The goal of the present study is to compare estimated ages of LEH formation produced by two of the most commonly used macroscopic methods to those derived from data in recent histological studies that include more precise information about the timing of crown formation across diverse human populations. These approaches are compared in two ways: 1) by creating a theoretical model using simulated LEHs and 2) empirically, by analyzing data collected on a sample of ancient Nubians from Semna South (present-day Sudan). Results indicate that the approach derived from histological studies provides signiﬁcantly higher age estimates than the commonly used methods and this difference is particularly marked in early forming LEHs. The magnitude of this difference is large enough to produce divergent interpretation of bioarchaeological datasets and suggests that reevaluation of the methods used to estimate ages of LEH formation may be justiﬁed.
BibTeX: @article{Ritzman2008, author = {Terrence B. Ritzman and Brenda J. Baker and Gary T. Schwartz}, title = {A Fine Line: A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Ages of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Formation}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {135}, pages = {348-361}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20750} }
Robson, S.L. & Wood, B.	Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Anat Vol. 212, pp. 394-425	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: In this review we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of hominin life history from extant and fossil evidence. We utilize demographic life history theory and distinguish life history variables, traits such as weaning, age at sexual maturity, and life span, from life history-related variables such as body mass, brain growth, and dental development. The latter are either linked with, or can be used to make inferences about, life history, thus providing an opportunity for estimating life history parameters in fossil taxa. We compare the life history variables of modern great apes and identify traits that are likely to be shared by the last common ancestor of Pan-Homo and those likely to be derived in hominins. All great apes exhibit slow life histories and we infer this to be true of the last common ancestor of Pan-Homo and the stem hominin. Modern human life histories are even slower, exhibiting distinctively long post-menopausal life spans and later ages at maturity, pointing to a reduction in adult mortality since the Pan-Homo split. We suggest that lower adult mortality, distinctively short interbirth intervals, and early weaning characteristic of modern humans are derived features resulting from cooperative breeding. We evaluate the fidelity of three life history-related variables, body mass, brain growth and dental development, with the life history parameters of living great apes. We found that body mass is the best predictor of great ape life history events. Brain growth trajectories and dental development and eruption are weakly related proxies and inferences from them should be made with caution. We evaluate the evidence of life history-related variables available for extinct species and find that prior to the transitional hominins there is no evidence of any hominin taxon possessing a body size, brain size or aspects of dental development much different from what we assume to be the primitive life history pattern for the Pan-Homo clade. Data for life history-related variables among the transitional hominin grade are consistent and none agrees with a modern human pattern. Aside from mean body mass, adult brain size, crown and root formation times, and the timing and sequence of dental eruption of Homo erectus are inconsistent with that of modern humans. Homo antecessor fossil material suggests a brain size similar to that of Homo erectus s. s., and crown formation times that are not yet modern, though there is some evidence of modern human-like timing of tooth formation and eruption. The body sizes, brain sizes, and dental development of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis are consistent with a modern human life history but samples are too small to be certain that they have life histories within the modern human range. As more life history-related variable information for hominin species accumulates we are discovering that they can also have distinctive life histories that do not conform to any living model. At least one extinct hominin subclade, Paranthropus , has a pattern of dental life history-related variables that most likely set it apart from the life histories of both modern humans and chimpanzees.
BibTeX: @article{Robson2008, author = {Shannen L. Robson and Bernard Wood}, title = {Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution}, journal = {J Anat}, year = {2008}, volume = {212}, pages = {394-425}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00867.x} }
Rodríguez-Cuenca, J.	Dientes y diversidad Humana [BibTeX]	2003		book	OPEN
BibTeX: @book{Rodriguez-Cuenca2003, author = {Juan Rodríguez-Cuenca}, title = {Dientes y diversidad Humana}, publisher = {Editorial Guadalupe}, year = {2003} }
Rodríguez-Cuenca, J.V.	La Antropología Forense en la Identificación Humana [BibTeX]	2004		book	OPEN
BibTeX: @book{Rodriguez-Cuenca2004, author = {José Vicente Rodríguez-Cuenca}, title = {La Antropología Forense en la Identificación Humana}, publisher = {Editorial Guadalupe}, year = {2004} }
Rohlf, F.J.	tpsDig, digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.12 [BibTeX]	2008	Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook	misc
BibTeX: @misc{Rohlf2008, author = {F. J. Rohlf}, title = {tpsDig, digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.12}, year = {2008} }
Rose, J.C.; Armelagos, G.J. &.L.J.W.	Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 49(4), pp. 511-516	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Although previous paleopathological studies have used disturbances in enamel formation as indicators of childhood stress, the full potential of this technique has not been realized. This paper presents a test case which demonstrates that the frequency of disturbed enamel formation (i.e., Wilson bands) is associated with other stress indicators (i.e., probability of dying and infectious lesions) in three prehistoric skeletal samples representing the Middle Woodland (10.3, Mississippian Acculturated Late Woodland (21.4, and the Middle Mississippian (40.0. Additionally, the mean ages at death of individuals with at least one Wilson band are lower than those without bands. These results suggest that Wilson bands are an indicator of the relative proportion of individuals who are high susceptibles in prehistoric populations. The data also corroborate the hypothesis that the adoption of maize agriculture in the prehistoric American Midwest is associated with increased stress.
BibTeX: @article{Rose1978, author = {Rose, J. C.; Armelagos, G. J. & Lallo J. W.}, title = {Histological enamel indicator of childhood stress in prehistoric skeletal samples.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1978}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {511--516}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330490411 } }
Roseman, C.C.	Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci Vol. 101(35), pp. 12824-12829	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This comparison of morphological and neutral genetic variation in 10 human populations was designed to test a neutral hypothesis of cranial evolution in living and recent humans and to explain deviations from neutrality where detected. Overall, among-population differences in extant Homo sapiens cranial morphology are proportional to among-population differences in neutralmolecular characteristics. For most of the populations studied, cranial morphology varies among regions in a manner consistent with neutral expectations. Removal of the effects of shared population history and structure by using the partial Mantel’s test, however, does not remove the correlation between some aspects of cranial morphology and a measure of coldness of climate. The excess differentiation ismost apparent in those population comparisons that involve a Siberian population living in an extremely cold environment. This finding suggests the action of natural selection, associated with regional variation in temperature, leading to among-population differentiation in excess of neutral expectations for some cranial dimensions. Those dimensions refiect the breadth of the skull, cranial vault size and shape, and aspects of nasal morphology. Although morphology for most of the world appears to vary among populations in accordance with neutral expectations in the context of population structure and history, morphology of the Siberian population appears to have undergone adaptation by natural selection.
BibTeX: @article{Roseman2004, author = {Charles C. Roseman}, title = {Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data}, journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci}, year = {2004}, volume = {101}, number = {35}, pages = {12824-12829}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402637101} }
Roseman, C.C. & Weaver, T.D.	Multivariate Apportionment of Global Human Craniometric Diversity [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 125, pp. 257-263	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Extensive research in human genetics on presumably neutral loci has shown that the overwhelming majority of human diversity is found among individuals within local populations. Previous apportionments of craniometric diversity are similar to these genetic apportionments, implying that interregionally differing selection pressures have played a limited role in producing contemporary human cranial diversity. Here we show that when cranial variation is independently partitioned using principal components analysis of Mosimann shape variables, some estimates of interregional craniometric differentiation are larger than those for most genetic loci. These estimates are similar to estimates for genetic loci where interregionally differing selection pressures are implicated in producing the observed patterns of variation within and among regions. These results suggest that differences among regions in at least some cranial features, particularly in the nasal region, are in part the product of interregionally differing selection pressures. Moreover, these results have implications for assessing the biological affinities of prehistoric samples that are temporally separated from contemporary human reference populations.
BibTeX: @article{Roseman2004a, author = {Charles C. Roseman and Timothy D. Weaver}, title = {Multivariate Apportionment of Global Human Craniometric Diversity}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2004}, volume = {125}, pages = {257-263}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10424} }
Ross, C.F. & Kirk, E.C.	Evolution of eye size and shape in primates [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	J Hum Evol Vol. 52, pp. 294-313	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Strepsirrhine and haplorhine primates exhibit highly derived features of the visual system that distinguish them from most other mammals. Comparative data link the evolution of these visual specializations to the sequential acquisition of nocturnal visual predation in the primate stem lineage and diurnal visual predation in the anthropoid stem lineage. However, it is unclear to what extent these shifts in primate visual ecology were accompanied by changes in eye size and shape. Here we investigate the evolution of primate eye morphology using a comparative study of a large sample of mammalian eyes. Our analysis shows that primates differ from other mammals in having large eyes relative to body size and that anthropoids exhibit unusually small corneas relative to eye size and body size. The large eyes of basal primates probably evolved to improve visual acuity while maintaining high sensitivity in a nocturnal context. The reduced corneal sizes of anthropoids reflect reductions in the size of the dioptric apparatus as a means of increasing posterior nodal distance to improve visual acuity. These data support the conclusion that the origin of anthropoids was associated with a change in eye shape to improve visual acuity in the context of a diurnal predatory habitus.
BibTeX: @article{Ross2007, author = {Callum F. Ross and E. Christopher Kirk}, title = {Evolution of eye size and shape in primates}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2007}, volume = {52}, pages = {294-313}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006} }
Rothhammer, F.; Allison, M.J.N.L.S.V. &.A.B.	Chagas' disease in pre-Columbian South America. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(4), pp. 495-498	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: The quest for the origin and dispersion of Chagas' disease, the second most important vector-borne disease in Latin America, has epidemiological, immunological, and genetical implications. Conjectures based on accounts of chroniclers, reviews of the archaeological literature and the present distribution of triatomine bugs, the vectors of the disease, held that the origin of the adaptation of Triatoma infestans (a species of the subfamily Triatominae) to human dwellings occurred in prehistoric times. The autopsy of 35 mummies exhumed in the Chilean desert, dated between 470 B.C. and 600 A.D., revealed the presence of clinical manifestations of Chagas' disease and put earlier speculations on a factual basis.
BibTeX: @article{Rothhammer1985, author = {Rothhammer, F.; Allison, M. J.; Núñez L.; Standen V. & Arriaza B.}, title = {Chagas' disease in pre-Columbian South America.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {495--498}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680405 } }
Ruff, C.	Body Size Prediction From Juvenile Skeletal Remains [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 133, pp. 698-716	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: There are currently no methods for predicting body mass from juvenile skeletal remains and only a very limited number for predicting stature. In this study, stature and body mass prediction equations are generated for each year from 1 to 17 years of age using a subset of the Denver Growth Study sample, followed longitudinally (n = 20 individuals, 340 observations). Radiographic measurements of femoral distal metaphyseal and head breadth are used to predict body mass and long bone lengths are used to predict stature. In addition, pelvic bi-iliac breadth and long bone lengths are used to predict body mass in older adolescents. Relative prediction errors are equal to or smaller than those associated with similar adult estimation formulae. Body proportions change continuously throughout growth, necessitating age-specific formulae. Adult formulae overestimate stature and body mass in younger juveniles, but work well in 17-year-olds from the sample, indicating that in terms of body proportions they are representative of the general population. To illustrate use of the techniques, they are applied to the juvenile Homo erectus (ergaster) KNM-WT 15000 skeleton. New body mass and stature estimates for this specimen are similar to previous estimates derived using other methods. Body mass estimates range from 50 to 53 kg, and stature was probably slightly under 157 cm, although a precise stature estimate is difficult to determine due to differences in linear body proportions between KNM-WT 15000 and the Denver reference sample.
BibTeX: @article{Ruff2007, author = {Christopher Ruff}, title = {Body Size Prediction From Juvenile Skeletal Remains}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {133}, pages = {698-716}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20568} }
Ruff, C.	Variation in Human body Size and Shape [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2002	Ann Rev Anthropol Vol. 31, pp. 211-232	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Evolutionary trends in human body form provide important context for interpreting variation among modern populations.Average body mass in living humans is smaller than it was during most of the Pleistocene, possibly owing to technological improvements during the past 50,000 years that no longer favored large body size. Sexual dimorphism in body size reached modern levels at least 150,000 years ago and probably earlier. Geographic variation in both body size and shape in earlier humans paralleled latitudinal clines observed today. Climatic adaptation is the most likely primary cause for these gradients, overlain in more recent populations by nutritional effects on growth. Thus, to distinguish growth disturbances, it is necessary to partition out the (presumably genetic) long-term differences in body form between populations that have resulted from climatic selection. An example is given from a study of Inupiat children, using a new index of body shape to assess relative body mass.
BibTeX: @article{Ruff2002, author = {Christopher Ruff}, title = {Variation in Human body Size and Shape}, journal = {Ann Rev Anthropol}, year = {2002}, volume = {31}, pages = {211-232}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085407} }
Sanhueza, D.A., Pérez, L., Díaz, J., Busel, D., Castro, M. & Pierola, A.	Paleoradiología: Estudio imagenológico del Niño del cerro El plomo [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Revista Chilena de Radiología Vol. 11(4), pp. 184-190	article	OPEN
Abstract: Objectives: To describe the imagenologic findings of the «Niño del Cerro El Plomo» mummy. To check preservation status and look for clues of disease and make death related findings using a multisistemic evaluation and describe anthropometric features. Methods: A whole body multislice CT scan was done, followed by multiplanar reconstructions. We did an exhaustive analysis of internal organs. Results: The mummy is in a fetal position. The musculoskeletal system is well preserved. The age was estimated by the growth patterns of the teeth, it was 8 years old. The internal organs are distinguishible but with different degrees of shrinkage and volume loss. The best preserved organ is the central nervous system. The oropharinx, esophagus and stomach are partially filled with contents. The subcutaneous fat layer thickness, bone mineralization and development suggest normal nutritional status. There is no evidence of traumatic injuries related to death. Conclusions: Multislice CT help us to determinate the general conditions of the mummy and the state of the internal organs, avoiding damaging its integrity. We generated important anthropologic and paleopathologic data that wasn’t available before.
BibTeX: @article{Sanhueza2005, author = {Drs. Alvaro Sanhueza and Lizbet Pérez and Jorge Díaz and David Busel and Mario Castro and Alejandro Pierola}, title = {Paleoradiología: Estudio imagenológico del Niño del cerro El plomo}, journal = {Revista Chilena de Radiología}, year = {2005}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {184-190} }
Saunders, S.R., Chan, A.H., Kahlon, B., Kluge, H.F. & FitzGerald, C.M.	Sexual Dimorphism of the Dental Tissues in Human Permanent Mandibular Canines and Third Premolars [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 133, pp. 735-740	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Methods of measuring tissue area from images of longitudinal thin tooth sections have been used to assess sexual dimorphism in the permanent dentition. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the extent of sexual dimorphism within the coronal tissue proportions of permanent mandibular canines and premolars, using area measurements of the enamel and dentine-pulp core. The sample consisted of embedded ‘‘half-tooth’’ sections from 45 individuals, all of known age-at-death and sex, collected from the St. Thomas’ Anglican Church historic (1821–1874) cemetery site in Belleville, ON, Canada. The relative dentine-pulp area of the third premolars and canines displayed high levels of sexual dimorphism, as well as statistically significant mean differences between the sexes. The male canines and premolars have significantly more dentine than their female counterparts, as well as relatively more dentine with respect to overall crown size. The female canines and premolars have significantly more enamel relative to overall crown area than those of the males. These results suggest that relative area measures of crown tissues are more predictable measures of sexual dimorphism than absolute measures, and tissue proportions may remain constant despite intrasex variation in overall tooth crown size.
BibTeX: @article{Saunders2007, author = {Shelley R. Saunders and Andrea H.W. Chan and Bonnie Kahlon and Hagen F. Kluge and Charles M. FitzGerald}, title = {Sexual Dimorphism of the Dental Tissues in Human Permanent Mandibular Canines and Third Premolars}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {133}, pages = {735-740}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20553} }
Sayers, K., Norconk, M.A. & Conklin-Brittain, N.L.	Optimal Foraging on the Roof of the World: Himalayan Langurs and the Classical Prey Model [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 337-357	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Optimal foraging theory has only been sporadically applied to nonhuman primates. The classical prey model, modified for patch choice, predicts a sliding ‘‘profitability threshold’’ for dropping patch types from the diet, preference for profitable foods, dietary niche breadth reduction as encounter rates increase, and that exploitation of a patch type is unrelated to its own abundance. We present results from a 1-year study testing these predictions with Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) at Langtang National Park, Nepal. Behavioral data included continuous recording of feeding bouts and between-patch travel times. Encounter rates were estimated for 55 food types, which were analyzed for crude protein, lipid, free simple sugar, and fibers. Patch types were entered into the prey model algorithm for eight seasonal time periods and differing age-sex classes and nutritional currencies. Although the model consistently underestimated diet breadth, the majority of nonpredicted patch types represented rare foods. Profitability was positively related to annual/seasonal dietary contribution by organic matter estimates, whereas time estimates provided weaker relationships. Patch types utilized did not decrease with increasing encounter rates involving profitable foods, although low-ranking foods available yearround were taken predominantly when high-ranking foods were scarce. High-ranking foods were taken in close relation to encounter rates, while low-ranking foods were not. The utilization of an energetic currency generally resulted in closest conformation to model predictions, and it performed best when assumptions were most closely approximated. These results suggest that even simple models from foraging theory can provide a useful framework for the study of primate feeding behavior.
BibTeX: @article{Sayers2010, author = {Ken Sayers and Marilyn A. Norconk, and Nancy L. Conklin-Brittain}, title = {Optimal Foraging on the Roof of the World: Himalayan Langurs and the Classical Prey Model}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {337-357}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21149} }
Scot, G.R. & Turner, C.G.	Dental Anthropology [BibTeX]	1988	Ann Rev Anthropol Vol. 17, pp. 99-126	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Scot1988, author = {G. Richard Scot and Christ G. Turner}, title = {Dental Anthropology}, journal = {Ann Rev Anthropol}, year = {1988}, volume = {17}, pages = {99-126} }
Semaa, A.P., Nergisb, C., Rukiyec, D. & Murat, Y.	Age determination from central incisors of fetuses and infants [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic. Sci. Int. Vol. 184, pp. 15-20	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Age at time of death for a fetus or infant is an important issue in the field of forensic science. Dental development can give an accuratemeasure of infant and fetal age and current literature does not include any studies of dental age from central incisor development. The objective of this study is to determine the age of deceased fetuses and infants by examining metric tooth development of central incisors in deceased fetuses and infants. Five dimensions of 76 maxillary and mandibular central incisors were measured: mesio-distal (MD), bucco-lingual (BL), crown height (CH), crown thickness (CT), and root height (RH). The results showed that 44.45 +- 0ֲ weeks is a sectional time for age calculations, which corresponds to 40 weeks from conception plus 4 to 5weeks after birth. Four ATA entitled age formulas are derived to give the relation of age with tooth dimensions before and after 44.45 weeks [ATA is the special name given to the honor of the great Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatu ɲk (1881ֱ938)]. Age estimation can be calculated from these formulas with an accuracy of the age +- 0ֲ weeks. Also, calcification time can be determined from ATA formulas. In conclusion, the age of fetuses and infants can be assessed by the measurements of a single central incisor. According to this research, when estimating age during identification studies, forensic researchers must take into consideration the period of embryonic human growth and development.
BibTeX: @article{Semaa2009, author = {Aka P. Semaa and Canturk Nergisb and Dagalp Rukiyec and Yagan Murat}, title = {Age determination from central incisors of fetuses and infants}, journal = {Forensic. Sci. Int.}, year = {2009}, volume = {184}, pages = {15-20}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.00} }
Sforza, C., Grandi, G., Catti, F., Tommasi, D.G., Ugolini, A. & Ferrario, V.F.	Age- and sex-related changes in the soft tissues of the orbital region [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 185, pp. 115.e1-115.e8	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The orbital region plays a predominant role in the evaluation of the craniofacial complex. In the current study information about normal sex-related dimensions of the orbital region, and growth, development and aging, were provided. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the orbits and face were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized electromagnetic digitizer in 531 male and 357 female healthy subjects aged 4–73 years. Fromthe landmarks, biocular and intercanthalwidths, paired height and inclination of the orbit relative to both the true horizontal (head in natural head position) and Frankfurt plane, length and inclination of the eye ﬁssure, the relevant ratios, soft-tissue orbital area, were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. Biocular and intercanthal widths, length of the eye ﬁssure, soft-tissue orbital area, and the inclination of the orbit relative to the true horizontal, were signiﬁcantly larger in men than in women (p < 0.01), with a signiﬁcant effect of age (p < 0.001), and signiﬁcant age x sex interactions (p < 0.001). Orbital height, and the height-to-width ratio increased as a function of age (p < 0.001), but without gender-related differences. The inclination of the orbit relative to Frankfurt plane, and the inclination of the eye ﬁssure did not differ between men and women, but modiﬁed as a function of age (p < 0.001), with different sex-related patterns (sex x age interaction, p < 0.001). On average, the paired measurements were symmetric, with similar values within each sex and age group. Overall, when compared to literature data, some differences were found due to both ethnicity, and different instruments. Nevertheless, during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, the age-related trends for linear dimensions were similar to those found in previous studies, while no previous data exist for older adults. During aging an increment in soft-tissue orbital area was found, with a progressive downward shift of landmark orbitale. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a data base for the quantitative description of human orbital morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identiﬁcation) may also beneﬁt from age- and sex-based data banks.
BibTeX: @article{Sforza2009, author = {Chiarella Sforza and Gaia Grandi and Francesca Catti and Davide G. Tommasi and Alessandro Ugolini and Virgilio F. Ferrario}, title = {Age- and sex-related changes in the soft tissues of the orbital region}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2009}, volume = {185}, pages = {115.e1-115.e8}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.010} }
Simmons, R.T.; Graydon, J.J.S.N.M. &.F.E.I.	A blood group genetical survey in Cook Islanders, Polynesia, and comparisons with American Indians. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(4), pp. 667-690	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Simmons1955, author = {Simmons, R. T.; Graydon, J. J.; Semple N. M. & Fry E. I.}, title = {A blood group genetical survey in Cook Islanders, Polynesia, and comparisons with American Indians.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {667--690} }
Slaus, M., Novak, M., Vyroubal, V. & Bedi, Z.	The Harsh Life on the 15th Century Croatia-Ottoman Empire Military Border: Analyzing and Identifying the Reasons for the Massacre in Cepin [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 358-372	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Excavation of the historic period cemetery in Cepin, Croatia revealed the presence of a large number of perimortem injuries distributed among males, females, and subadults. Archaeological and historical data suggest these individuals were victims of a raid carried out by Turkish akinji light cavalry in 1441. Comparisons with the frequencies of perimortem trauma in 12 other, temporally congruent skeletal series from the Balkans (n 5 2,123 skeletons) support this assumption. The role of the akinji in the Ottoman army was twofold: to supply war captives, and to terrorize and disperse local populations before the advance of regular troops. This article tests the hypothesis that the purpose of the 1441 raid was the latter. To accomplish this, perimortem trauma in the series were analyzed by sex, age, location, and depth of the injury. A total of 82 perimortem injuries were recorded in 12 males, 7 females, and 3 subadults. The demographic profile of the victims suggests that young adults were specifically targeted in the attack. Significant sex differences are noted in the number, distribution, and pattern of perimortem trauma. Females exhibit significantly more perimortem injuries per individual, and per bone affected, than males. The morphology and pattern of perimortem trauma in females is suggestive of gratuitous violence. Cumulatively, analysis of the osteological data suggest that the objective of the 1441 akinji raid was to spread terror and panic in the C ? epin area, either as revenge for recent military setbacks, or as part of a long-term strategy intended to depopulate the area around Osijek.
BibTeX: @article{Slaus2010, author = {Mario Slaus and Mario Novak and Vlasta Vyroubal and Zeljka Bedi}, title = {The Harsh Life on the 15th Century Croatia-Ottoman Empire Military Border: Analyzing and Identifying the Reasons for the Massacre in Cepin}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {358-372}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21152} }
Smith, B.H.	Patterns of Molar Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1984	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 63, pp. 39-56	article	OPEN
Abstract: Tooth wear records valuable information on diet and methods of food preparation in prehistoric populations or extinct species. In this study, samples of modern and prehistoric hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists are used to test the hypothesis that there are systematic differences in patterns of tooth wear related to major differences in subsistence and food preparation. Flatness of molar wear is compared for five groups of hunter-gatherers (N = 298) and five groups of early agriculturalists (N = 365). Hunter-gatherers are predicted to develop flatter molar wear due to the mastication of tough and fibrous foods, whereas agriculturalists should develop oblique molar wear due to an increase in the proportion of ground and prepared food in the diet. A method is presented for the quantitative measurement and analysis of flatness of molar wear. Comparisons of wear plane angle are made between teeth matched for the same stage of occlusal surface wear, thus standardizing all groups to the same rate of wear. Agriculturalists develop highly angled occlusal wear planes on the entire molar dentition. Their wear plane angles tend to exceed hunter-gatherers by about 10" in advanced wear. Wear plane angles are similar within subsistence divisions despite regional differences in particular foods. This approach can be used to provide supporting evidence of change in human subsistence and to test dietary hypotheses in hominoid evolution.
BibTeX: @article{Smith1984, author = {B. Holly Smith}, title = {Patterns of Molar Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1984}, volume = {63}, pages = {39-56} }
Smith, M. 0..	‘Parry’ Fractures and Female-directed Interpersonal Violence: Implications from-the Late Archaic Period of West Tennessee [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1996	Int J Osteoarchaeol Vol. 6, pp. 84-91	article	OPEN
Abstract: The recognition of a high frequency of ‘parry’ fractures in the females from the Late Archaic Period (2500-1000/500~c) west Tennessee site of Eva prompted a more thorough examination of female-directed interpersonal violence in prehistoric Tennessee sites. The study examined forearm fractures in eight (N=308) Late Archaic Period hunter-gatherer sites and five (N=501) Mississippian Period (c. AD 1200-1600) agriculturalist sites. On the basis of chi-square test results, there does not appear to be any gender bias in forearm fracture occurrence in the Archaic Period. The high frequency of female ‘parry’ fractures at Eva was an artefact of the ratio of females to males. More importantly, craniofacial trauma data do not support an aetiology that would explain mid-shaft forearm fractures as a result of interpersonal violence.
BibTeX: @article{Smith1996, author = {Maria 0. Smith}, title = {‘Parry’ Fractures and Female-directed Interpersonal Violence: Implications from-the Late Archaic Period of West Tennessee}, journal = {Int J Osteoarchaeol}, year = {1996}, volume = {6}, pages = {84-91} }
Smith, T., Harvati, K., Olejniczak, A., Reid, D., Hublin, J.-J. & Panagopoulou, E.	Brief Communication: Dental Development and Enamel Thickness in the Lakonis Neanderthal Molar [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 138, pp. 112-118	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Developmental and structural affinities between modern human and Neanderthal dental remains continue to be a subject of debate as well as their utility for informing assessments of life history and taxonomy. Excavation of the Middle Paleolithic cave site Lakonis in southern Greece has yielded a lower third molar (LKH 1). Here, we detail the crown development and enamel thickness of the distal cusps of the LKH 1 specimen, which has been classified as a Neanderthal based on the presence of an anterior fovea and mid-trigonid crest. Crown formation was determined using standard histological techniques, and enamel thickness was measured from a virtual plane of section. Developmental differences include thinner cuspal enamel and a lower periodicity than modern humans. Crown formation in the LKH 1 hypoconid is estimated to be 2.6–2.7 years, which is shorter than modern human times. The LKH 1 hypoconid also shows a more rapid overall crown extension rate than modern humans. Relative enamel thickness was approximately half that of a modern human sample mean; enamel on the distal cusps of modern human third molars is extremely thick in absolute and relative terms. These findings are consistent with recent studies that demonstrate differences in crown development, tissue proportions, and enamel thickness between Neanderthals and modern humans. Although overlap in some developmental variables may be found, the results of this and other studies suggest that Neanderthal molars formed in shorter periods of time than modern humans, due in part to thinner enamel and faster crown extension rates.
BibTeX: @article{Smith2009, author = {T.M. Smith and K. Harvati and A.J. Olejniczak and D.J. Reid and J.-J. Hublin and E. Panagopoulou}, title = {Brief Communication: Dental Development and Enamel Thickness in the Lakonis Neanderthal Molar}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2009}, volume = {138}, pages = {112-118}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20898} }
Soligo, C. & Martin, R.D.	Adaptive origins of primates revisited [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	J Hum Evol Vol. 50, pp. 414-430	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Interpretation of the adaptive profile of ancestral primates is controversial and has been constrained for decades by general acceptance of the premise that the first primates were very small. Here we show that neither the fossil record nor modern species provide evidence that the last common ancestor of living primates was small. Instead, comparative weight distributions of arboreal mammals and a phylogenetic reconstruction of ancestral primate body mass indicate that the reduction of functional claws to nails e a primate characteristic that had up until now eluded satisfactory explanation e resulted from an increase in body mass to around 1000 g or more in the primate stem lineage. The associated shift to a largely vegetarian diet coincided with increased angiosperm diversity and the evolution of larger fruit size during the Late Cretaceous.
BibTeX: @article{Soligo2006, author = {Christophe Soligo and Robert D. Martin}, title = {Adaptive origins of primates revisited}, journal = {J Hum Evol}, year = {2006}, volume = {50}, pages = {414-430}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.11.001} }
Someda, H., Saka, H., Matsunaga, S., Ide, Y., Nakahara, K., Hirata, S. & Hashimoto, M.	Age estimation based on three-dimensional measurement of mandibular central incisors in Japanese [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Forensic Sci Int Vol. 185, pp. 110-114	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate an age estimation method that considers gender as well as three-dimensional measurement of the components, speciﬁcally enamel and dentin. A total of 155 mandibular central incisors aged 12–79 years old which was chosen from the collection stored at the Department of Anatomy in Tokyo Dental College and had no opened apex, caries or restorative treatment, were examined. Samples were scanned using micro-CT HMX225 ACTIS4. Based on the sliced image data, three-dimensional structures were obtained and the volumes of enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity were measured. Regression equations for age estimation were then determined. The accuracy of age estimation equations for each region, volume ratio, and sex was assessed using the determination coefﬁcient R2 as well as the standard errors of estimated values. The root region alone had a comparable accuracy to that of the whole tooth and the crown region had a relatively lower accuracy. In the whole tooth and the crown region, slightly higher correlations were observed for pulp/tooth volume ratios in which enamel was excluded. Females tended to have higher accuracy compared tomales. The estimated age was higher in males compared to females for the same volume ratio of the pulp cavity. The highest correlation in both genders with age was observed for the volume ratio of the pulp cavity to the whole tooth excluding the enamel (males, R2 = 0.67; females, R2 = 0.76). The 95% conﬁdence intervals for the population regression showed different distributions for each sex. In the 95% prediction intervals for age estimation, females tended to have narrower intervals and higher accuracy compared to males. Therefore, the use of gender-speciﬁc equations is recommended for age estimation
BibTeX: @article{Someda2009, author = {H. Someda and H. Saka and S. Matsunaga and Y. Ide and K. Nakahara and S. Hirata and M. Hashimoto}, title = {Age estimation based on three-dimensional measurement of mandibular central incisors in Japanese}, journal = {Forensic Sci Int}, year = {2009}, volume = {185}, pages = {110-114}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.01.001} }
Soomer, H., Ranta, H., Lincoln, M.J., Penttilä, A. & Leibur, E.	Reliability and Validity of Eight Dental Age Estimation Methods for Adults [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2003	J Forensic Sci Vol. 48(1)	article	OPEN
Abstract: This paper evaluates the reliability and validity of eight published dental age estimation methods for adults that may aid in victim identification. Age was calculated on 20 Caucasian teeth of known age according to the methods of Kvaal (for in situ and extracted teeth), Solheim (for in situ and sectioned teeth), Lamendin (for extracted teeth), Johanson (for sectioned teeth) and Bang (for extracted and sectioned teeth) by one independent observer. For each method, mean age error and standard error were assessed as the measures of accuracy and precision. In addition, method simplicity, requirements for tooth preparation and the equipment necessary were assessed and recommendations given for forensic use in various situations. Methods for sectioned teeth gave more reliable results when compared to methods for intact teeth.
BibTeX: @article{Soomer2003, author = {Helena Soomer and Helena Ranta and Michael J. Lincoln and Antti Penttilä and Edvitar Leibur}, title = {Reliability and Validity of Eight Dental Age Estimation Methods for Adults}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2003}, volume = {48}, number = {1} }
Starling, A.P. & Stock, J.T.	Dental Indicators of Health and Stress in Early Egyptian and Nubian Agriculturalists: A Difﬁcult Transition and Gradual Recovery [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 134, pp. 520-528	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Although agriculture is now the globally predominant mode of food production, studies of the skeletal remains of early agriculturalists have indicated high levels of physiological stress and poor health relative to hunter-gatherers in similar environments. Previous studies identifying this trend in different regions prompt further research of the causes and effects of subsistence transitions in human societies. Here, 242 dentitions from five ancient Egyptian and Nubian populations are examined: 38 individuals from Jebel Sahaba (Upper Paleolithic), 56 from Badari (Predynastic), 54 from Naqada (Predynastic), 47 from Tarkhan (Dynastic), and 47 from Kerma (Dynastic). These populations span the early period of agricultural intensification along the Nile valley. Skeletal remains were scored for the presence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) of the dentition, an established indicator of physiological stress and growth interruption. The prevalence of LEH was highest in the ‘‘proto-agricultural’’ (pastoralist) Badari population, with a gradual decline throughout the late Predynastic and early Dynastic periods of state formation. This suggests that the period surrounding the emergence of early agriculture in the Nile valley was associated with high stress and poor health, but that the health of agriculturalists improved substantially with the increasing urbanization and trade that accompanied the formation of the Egyptian state. This evidence for poor health among protoand early agriculturalists in the Nile valley supports theories that agricultural intensification occurred as a response to ecological or demographic pressure rather than simply as an innovation over an existing stable subsistence strategy.
BibTeX: @article{Starling2007, author = {Anne P. Starling and Jay T. Stock}, title = {Dental Indicators of Health and Stress in Early Egyptian and Nubian Agriculturalists: A Difﬁcult Transition and Gradual Recovery}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {134}, pages = {520-528}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20700} }
Tattersall, I.	The World from Beginnings to 4000 bce [BibTeX]	2008		book	OPEN
BibTeX: @book{Tattersall2008, author = {Ian Tattersall}, title = {The World from Beginnings to 4000 bce}, publisher = {Oxford University Press, Inc}, year = {2008} }
Temple, D.H. & Larsen, C.S.	Dental Caries Prevalence as Evidence for Agriculture and Subsistence Variation During the Yayoi Period in Prehistoric Japan: Biocultural Interpretations of an Economy in Transition [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 134, pp. 501-512	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The Yayoi period represents the earliest point of agricultural dependence in Japan, dating from ~2500 BP to AD 300. Yayoi period people consumed wetrice as a primary subsistence base. This article uses dental caries prevalence to interpret the biocultural implications of agriculture among these people by test ing the following hypotheses: 1) Yayoi period agricultur alists had greater frequencies of carious teeth than Jomon period foragers, 2) regional variation in carious tooth frequencies will be observed among Yayoi period agriculturalists, while 3) variation in carious tooth fre quencies will be observed between male and female agriculturalists. Statistically significant differences in cari ous teeth were observed between the agriculturalists from Southern Honshu and all other samples. These dif ferences suggest greater reliance on cariogenic plants among farmers from Southern Honshu and are consist ent with an agricultural economy. The people of the Yayoi period from Tanegashima Island and Northern Kyushu did not have significantly different carious tooth frequencies compared to Jomon period foragers. This suggests that rice alone was not a more cariogenic die tary substance than those consumed by Jomon period foragers but a cariogenic food nonetheless. Dietary het erogeneity between the prehistoric people of the Yayoi period from Southern Honshu and those from Northern Kyushu and Tanegashima Island is also inferred from these differences. Signi?cantly greater frequencies of carious teeth among older aged Yayoi period females compared with males suggest dietary differences between the sexes.
BibTeX: @article{Temple2007, author = {Daniel H. Temple and Clark Spencer Larsen}, title = {Dental Caries Prevalence as Evidence for Agriculture and Subsistence Variation During the Yayoi Period in Prehistoric Japan: Biocultural Interpretations of an Economy in Transition}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2007}, volume = {134}, pages = {501-512}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20694} }
Thevissen, P.W., Pittayapat, P., Fieuws, S. & Willems, G.	Estimating Age of Majority on Third Molars Developmental Stages in Young Adults from Thailand Using a Modiﬁed Scoring Technique [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	J Forensic Sci Vol. 54(2), pp. 428-432	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The aim of this study was to achieve a referral database for dental age estimation of unaccompanied minors of Thai nationality. A total of 1199 orthopantomograms were collected from original Thai women and men equally divided in age categories between 15 and 24 years. On the radiographs, the developmental stage of the third molars was scored applying a modified scoring technique. Interand intra-observer reliabilities were tested using kappa statistics. Correlation between the scores of all four wisdom teeth and left–right symmetry were evaluated with Pearson’scorrelation coefficient. Student’s t-test on asymmetry was performed and regression formulas were calculated. The present database was the first to assemble third molar developmental scores on radiographs of Thai individuals and provides more appropriate dental age estimation of unaccompanied Thai minors. Future research on similar databases of different nationalities worldwide may expose ethnical influences on dental development.
BibTeX: @article{Thevissen2009, author = {Patrick W. Thevissen and Pisha Pittayapat and Steffen Fieuws and Guy Willems}, title = {Estimating Age of Majority on Third Molars Developmental Stages in Young Adults from Thailand Using a Modiﬁed Scoring Technique}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2009}, volume = {54}, number = {2}, pages = {428-432}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00961.x} }
Thompson, A., Chesson, L., Podlesak, D., Bowen, G., Cerling, T. & Ehleringer, J.	Stable Isotope Analysis of Modern Human Hair Collected From Asia (China, India, Mongolia, and Pakistan) [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 440-451	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: We report isotopic data (d2H, d18O n 5 196; d13C, d15N n 5 142; d34S n 5 85) from human hair and drinking water (d2H, d18O n 5 67) collected across China, India, Mongolia, and Pakistan. Hair isotope ratios reflected the large environmental isotopic gradients and dietary differences. Geographic information was recorded in H and O and to a lesser extent, S isotopes. H and O data were entered into a recently developed model describing the relationship between the H and O isotope composition of human hair and drinking water in modern USA and pre-globalized populations. This has anthropological and forensic applications including reconstructing environment and diet in modern and ancient human hair. However, it has not been applied to a modern population outside of the USA, where we expect different diet. Relationships between H and O isotope ratios in drinking water and hair of modern human populations in Asia were different to both modern USA and pre-globalized populations. However, the Asian dataset was closer to the modern USA than to pre-globalized populations. Model parameters suggested slightly higher consumption of locally produced foods in our sampled population than modern USA residents, but lower than pre-globalized populations. The degree of in vivo amino acid synthesis was comparable to both the modern USA and pre-globalized populations. C isotope ratios reflected the predominantly C3-based regional agriculture and C4 consumption in northern China. C, N, and S isotope ratios supported marine food consumption in some coastal locales. N isotope ratios suggested a relatively low consumption of animal-derived products compared to western populations.
BibTeX: @article{Thompson2010, author = {A.H. Thompson and L.A. Chesson and D.W. Podlesak and G.J. Bowen and T.E. Cerling and J.R. Ehleringer}, title = {Stable Isotope Analysis of Modern Human Hair Collected From Asia (China, India, Mongolia, and Pakistan)}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {440-451}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21162} }
Tomczyk, J.	Hominids' Taxonomy. Three Levels Of Discussion [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2004	Human Evolution Vol. 19(4), pp. 227-238	article	OPEN
Abstract: Paleoanthropology plays a significant role in the study of man and the research of his past. As we all know, the anthropologists in the last century followed the alternative trends of multiplying and reducing the number of taxonomic names. The present paper presents three different levels of taxonomic discussion concerning fossil hominids. These levels belong to different orders: empirical, theoretical and psychological, and they do not exist in isolation from each other. On the contrary, they are connected and interdependent. It shall also be argued that taxonomic controversies described below arise from both objective and subjective factors.
BibTeX: @article{Tomczyk2004, author = {J. Tomczyk}, title = {Hominids' Taxonomy. Three Levels Of Discussion}, journal = {Human Evolution}, year = {2004}, volume = {19}, number = {4}, pages = {227-238} }
Townsend, G.C. & Brown, T.	Heritability of permanent tooth size. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1978	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 49(4), pp. 497-504	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full-siblings and half-siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent-offspring data. Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non-genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.
BibTeX: @article{Townsend1978, author = {Townsend, G. C. & Brown, T.}, title = {Heritability of permanent tooth size.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1978}, volume = {49}, number = {4}, pages = {497--504}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330490409 } }
Trotter, M. & Gleser, G.C.	Estimation of Stature fron long bones of American Whites and Negroes [BibTeX]	1952	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 10, pp. 469-514	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Trotter1952, author = {Mildred Trotter And Goldine C. Gleser}, title = {Estimation of Stature fron long bones of American Whites and Negroes}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1952}, volume = {10}, pages = {469-514} }
Ubelaker, D. & Parra, R.	Application of Three Dental Methods of Adult Age Estimation from Intact Single Rooted Teeth to a Peruvian Sample [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	J Forensic Sci Vol. 53(3), pp. 608-611	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Methods of estimating adult age at death from such dental features as root translucency, root length, and the extent of periodontosis in intact single rooted teeth have proven useful in studies of modern individuals, especially in estimating age in older adults. Questions remain however, concerning the impact of regional and population variation on accuracy. To examine this issue, three approaches to age estimation were applied to a diverse sample of 100 individuals from Peru. Mean errors of estimation for all three approaches were similar to those originally reported, suggesting minimal impact of population variation of the features measured. A new regression equation, specifically for Peruvian samples, is provided.
BibTeX: @article{Ubelaker2008, author = {Douglas Ubelaker And Roberto Parra}, title = {Application of Three Dental Methods of Adult Age Estimation from Intact Single Rooted Teeth to a Peruvian Sample}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {2008}, volume = {53}, number = {3}, pages = {608-611}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00699.x} }
Varela, H.H., O’Brien, T.G. & Cocilovo, J.A.	The Genetic Divergence of Prehistoric Populations of the South-Central Andes as Established by Means of Craniometric Traits [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 137, pp. 274-282	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The peopling of the south-central Andean region can be determined by exploring a combination of cultural, economic, and biological factors that influence the structure of populations and determine particular dispersals of gene frequencies. Quantitative characters from 1,586 adult crania of both sexes from northern Chile, northwestern Argentina, and the Cochabamba valleys in Bolivia were analyzed employing multivariate statistical analyses. Biological distances, representing phenotypic variation between these regions and their subregions, were studied within a population genetics framework. An analysis of Mahalanobis D2 distances establishes two principle directions of interaction: the first between the Cochabamba valleys and northern Chile, and the second between the Cochabamba region and northwestern Argentina. The Chile and Argentina regions are shown to be less related to each other than each is to the Bolivian region. A higher mean genetic divergence is found for the entire region (FST 5 0.195); with northwestern Argentina having the highest spatial isolation (FST 5 0.143) and northern Chile the lowest (FST 5 0.061). These results allow us to propose a populating model based on the dispersion of several lines from a common ancestral population similar to those who inhabited the Cochabamba valleys. These lines differentiated themselves in time and space according to the effective size and the rate of gene flow, eventually producing the human groups which inhabited the valleys of northern Chile and northwestern Argentina.
BibTeX: @article{Varela2008, author = {Héctor H. Varela and Tyler G. O’Brien and Jose A. Cocilovo}, title = {The Genetic Divergence of Prehistoric Populations of the South-Central Andes as Established by Means of Craniometric Traits}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {137}, pages = {274-282}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20867} }
Varrela, J.	Masticatory Function and Malocclusion: A Clinical Perspective [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2006	Semin Orthod Vol. 12(2), pp. 102-109	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Until fairly recent times, human populations were characterized by worn, well-aligned dentitions. Epidemiological data show that the decrease in dental wear and the increase in malocclusion took place simultaneously with the adoption of a modern lifestyle. There is strong evidence indicating that these changes were caused by a decrease in masticatory-functional demands. As such, the epidemiological findings are not compatible with the evolutionary-genetic explanations. The recent increase in occlusal variation demonstrates the high plasticity of occlusal characteristics and suggests that humans possess a genetic makeup that is sufficient for the development of a normal occlusion, given the correct environmental circumstances. External influences can be considered as tertiary inductors of the genomic processes that are involved in the growth of the craniofacial structures and development of the occlusion. Only those facial structures that are able to react to epigenetic factors, ie, show developmental plasticity, can be influenced by orthodontic therapy. Because the plasticity of each characteristic establishes the limits of therapeutic actions, orthodontic treatment should be based on an understanding of how the genetic and epigenetic factors interact during growth and development.
BibTeX: @article{Varrela2006, author = {Juha Varrela}, title = {Masticatory Function and Malocclusion: A Clinical Perspective}, journal = {Semin Orthod}, year = {2006}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {102-109}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2006.01.003} }
Walker, P.L., Cook, D.C. & Lambert, P.M.	Skeletal Evidence for Child Abuse: A Physical Anthropology Perspective [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1997	J Forensic Sci Vol. 42(2), pp. 196-207	article	OPEN
Abstract: Analysis of the skeletal remains of abused children can prove challenging for forensic pathologists and radiographers who are inexperienced in the direct examination of bones. In such cases, radiographically invisible skeletal lesions that document a history of trauma can often be identified by a physical anthropologist with appropriate osteological experience. This is illustrated by cases in which skeletal remains of four murdered children and a mentally handicapped adult produced evidence of antemortem trauma and perimortem injuries that was critical in developing murder cases against the assailants. In these cases, well-healed areas of subperiosteal new bone formation were identified that were below the threshold of radiographic detection. Such injuries provide strong evidence for a history of physical abuse.
BibTeX: @article{Walker1997, author = {Phillip L. Walker and Della Collins Cook and Patricia M. Lambert}, title = {Skeletal Evidence for Child Abuse: A Physical Anthropology Perspective}, journal = {J Forensic Sci}, year = {1997}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {196-207} }
Walker, R.A. & Lovejoy, C.O.	Radiographic changes in the clavicle and proximal femur and their use in the determination of skeletal age at death. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(1), pp. 67-78	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Visually seriated radiographs of the proximal femur, proximal humerus, clavicle, and calcaneus from 130 individuals from the Hamann-Todd collection were examined as indicators of skeletal age at death. The clavicle demonstrated the most consistent relationship to age in both sexes. The same radiographs were also seriated by size-normalized optical density as a means of establishing relative radiolucency. In this context, visual seriation proved superior. The four sites studied showed strong divergence in response to age. Since each was sampling bone response from the same individual, it is concluded that bone loss is highly site specific. This demonstrates the individual character of specific skeletal sites. Visual inspection of clavicular radiographs, seriated on a populational basis, provides age estimates that are comparable to anatomical age indicators and provides independent estimates of skeletal age when included in the summary age method (1985: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1-14).
BibTeX: @article{Walker1985, author = {Walker, R. A. & Lovejoy, C. O.}, title = {Radiographic changes in the clavicle and proximal femur and their use in the determination of skeletal age at death.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {1}, pages = {67--78}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680107} }
Warinner, C. & Tuross, N.	Brief Communication: Tissue Isotopic Enrichment Associated With Growth Depression in a Pig: Implications for Archaeology and Ecology [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2010	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 141, pp. 486-493	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Stressors such as fasting or poor diet quality are thought to potentially alter the nitrogen and carbon isotopic values of animal tissues. In this study, we demonstrate an inverse correlation between growth rate and multiple tissue enrichment of d15N, d13C, and, to a lesser degree, d18O in a juvenile pig. A more complex pattern is observed with respect to tissue dD and growth rate. The observed association between growth rate and tissue isotopic fractionation has important implications for paleodietary and migratory reconstructions of archaeological populations that may have been affected by famine, malnutrition, seasonal variation in food availability, and/or other factors that can affect childhood growth rates.
BibTeX: @article{Warinner2010, author = {Christina Warinner and Noreen Tuross}, title = {Brief Communication: Tissue Isotopic Enrichment Associated With Growth Depression in a Pig: Implications for Archaeology and Ecology}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2010}, volume = {141}, pages = {486-493}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21222} }
Wasserheit, J.N.	Effect of changes in human ecology and behavior on patterns of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection [BibTeX]	1994	Proc Natl Acad Sci Vol. Vol. 91, pp. 2430-2435	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Wasserheit1994, author = {Judith N. Wasserheit}, title = {Effect of changes in human ecology and behavior on patterns of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection}, journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci}, year = {1994}, volume = {Vol. 91}, pages = {2430-2435} }
Watson, J.T.	Changes in Food Processing and Occlusal Dental Wear During the Early Agricultural Period in Northwest Mexico [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 135, pp. 92-99	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Crown dimensions and occlusal surface wear rate and wear plane were evaluated using paired first and second mandibular molars from a sample of 84 Early Agricultural period (1600 B.C.–A.D. 200) skeletons from northwest Mexico. Although this period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Sonoran Desert, from food-foraging to agriculture, archaeological and dental pathology studies have identified this period as one of relative dietary stability. It was therefore predicted that very little variation in occlusal wear would have occurred between the early phase (San Pedro: 1600–800 B.C.) and late phase (Cienega: 800 B.C.–A.D. 200). Comparison of crown diameters identified some phenotypic differences between sexes but not between archaeological phases. Molar occlusal surfaces were then divided into four quadrants, and wear scores recorded for each quadrant. Principle axis analysis was performed between total wear scores of paired, adjacent first and second mandibular molars to assess rate and occlusal wear plane over time. The analysis demonstrated that both wear rate and wear plane increased from the early to the late phase of the Early Agricultural period. These results indicate that although diet may have indeed remained stable during this period in the Sonoran Desert increases in the rate of wear and wear plane may refiect changes in food-processing techniques. It is suggested that more intensive processing of agricultural products during the Cienega phase simultaneously softened the diet to create more tooth-contact wear and introduced more grit to cause faster and more angled wear on the molar occlusal surfaces.
BibTeX: @article{Watson2008, author = {James T. Watson}, title = {Changes in Food Processing and Occlusal Dental Wear During the Early Agricultural Period in Northwest Mexico}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {135}, pages = {92-99}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20712} }
Watson, J.T., Fields, M. & Martin, D.L.	Introduction of Agriculture and Its Effects on Women’s Oral Health [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	American Journal Of Human Biology Vol. 00, pp. 1-11	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: This study explores the dynamic relationship between the introduction of agriculture and its effects on women’s oral health by testing the hypothesis that female reproductive physiology contributes to an oral environment more susceptible to chronic oral disease and that, in a population undergoing the foraging to farming transition, females will exhibit a higher prevalence of oral pathology than males. This is tested by comparing the presence, location, and severity of caries lesions and antemortem tooth loss across groups of reproductive aged and postreproductive females (n 5 71) against corresponding groups of males (n 5 71) in an Early Agricultural period (1600 B.C.–A.D. 200) skeletal sample from northwest Mexico. Caries rates did not differ by sex across age groups in the sample; however, females were found to exhibit significantly more antemortem tooth loss than males (P > 0.01). Differences were initially minimal but increased by age cohort until postreproductive females experienced a considerable amount of tooth loss, during a life stage when the accumulation of bodily insults likely contributed to dental exfoliation. Higher caries rates in females are often cited as the result of gender differences and dietary disparities in agricultural communities. In an early farming community, with diets being relatively equal, women were found to experience similar caries expression but greater tooth loss. We believe this differential pattern of oral pathology provides new evidence in support of the interpretation that women’s oral health is impacted by effects relating to reproductive biology.
BibTeX: @article{Watson2009, author = {James T. Watson And Misty Fields And Debra L. Martin}, title = {Introduction of Agriculture and Its Effects on Women’s Oral Health}, journal = {American Journal Of Human Biology}, year = {2009}, volume = {00}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20958} }
Webb, P.A. & Suchey, J.M.	Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females. [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1985	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 68(4), pp. 457-466	article	OPEN	URL
Abstract: Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and the medial clavicle is examined in 605 males and 254 females in a sample of modern Americans aged 11-40 years. The sample includes American whites, American blacks, Latin-Americans, and Orientals. This is the first skeletal investigation using a large sample of individuals of known age since the McKern and Stewart study of 1957. Epiphyseal union is analyzed in terms of four stages: 1) nonunion with no epiphyses, 2) nonunion with separate epiphyses, 3) partial union, and 4) complete union. The results provide broader age ranges for the stages of union than previous studies. Age ranges for males and females are similar or vary by only 1-2 years. Racially, no major distinguishing patterns are found except for greater variability in age distributions appearing to exist among American black females. The study furnishes valuable data on epiphyseal timing in the teenage years.
BibTeX: @article{Webb1985, author = {Webb, P. A. & Suchey, J. M.}, title = {Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac crest and medial clavicle in a modern multiracial sample of American males and females.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1985}, volume = {68}, number = {4}, pages = {457--466}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680402 } }
Wells, J.C.K.	Environmental Temperature and Human Growth in Early Life [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2000	J theor Biol Vol. 204, pp. 299-305	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: A link between adult human body size and environmental temperature, evolved through adaptation to heat stress, was "rst recognized a century ago and is now well accepted in human biology. Increasing heat stress favours smaller body size and an increased ratio of surface area to mass. However, possible e!ects of temperature on growth in early life have not been considered. Many developing country populations inhabit relatively hot environments compared to industrialized populations, but growth faltering in developing countries is invariably attributed to the combination of poor nutrition and infection. The aim of this study was to model the theoretical e!ect of growth faltering on cooling capacity in early life. Data on weight, length and total energy expenditure were selected from the literature. Three types of growth (normal growth, stunting and wasting) were considered, and the relationship between body size and heat production investigated. Relative to normal growth, stunting causes little increase in the area-to-mass ratio until 2 years of age, and results in little increase in cooling capacity during infancy. Wasting increases the area-to-mass ratio by'15% in early infancy, and by 10% thereafter, equivalent to a similar increase in cooling capacity. These "ndings demonstrate theoretically that growth faltering can relieve heat stress in both infancy and childhood. The hypothesis that heat stress plays a role in human growth faltering in hot environments therefore merits empirical investigation.
BibTeX: @article{Wells2000, author = {J. C. K. Wells}, title = {Environmental Temperature and Human Growth in Early Life}, journal = {J theor Biol}, year = {2000}, volume = {204}, pages = {299-305}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2015} }
Weston, E.M., Friday, A.E. & Liò, P.	Biometric Evidence that Sexual Selection Has Shaped the Hominin Face [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2007	PLoS ONE Vol. 2(8), pp. e710	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: We consider sex differences in human facial morphology in the context of developmental change. We show that at puberty, the height of the upper face, between the lip and the brow, develops differently in males and females, and that these differences are not explicable in terms of sex differences in body size. We find the same dimorphism in the faces of human ancestors. We propose that the relative shortening in men and lengthening in women of the anterior upper face at puberty is the mechanistic consequence of extreme maxillary rotation during ontogeny. A link between this developmental model and sexual dimorphism is made for the first time, and provides a new set of morphological criteria to sex human crania. This finding has important implications for the role of sexual selection in the evolution of anthropoid faces and for theories of human facial attractiveness.
BibTeX: @article{Weston2007, author = {Eleanor M. Weston and Adrian E. Friday and Pietro Liò}, title = {Biometric Evidence that Sexual Selection Has Shaped the Hominin Face}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, year = {2007}, volume = {2}, number = {8}, pages = {e710}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000710} }
White, T.D., Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Haile-Selassie, Y., Lovejoy, C.O., Suwa, G. & WoldeGabriel, G.	Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2009	Science Vol. 326, pp. 64-86	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: Hominid fossils predating the emergence of Australopithecus have been sparse and fragmentary. The evolution of our lineage after the last common ancestor we shared with chimpanzees has therefore remained unclear. Ardipithecus ramidus, recovered in ecologically and temporally resolved contexts in Ethiopia’s Afar Rift, now illuminates earlier hominid paleobiology and aspects of extant African ape evolution. More than 110 specimens recovered from 4.4-million-year-old sediments include a partial skeleton with much of the skull, hands, feet, limbs, and pelvis. This hominid combined arboreal palmigrade clambering and careful climbing with a form of terrestrial bipedality more primitive than that of Australopithecus. Ar. ramidus had a reduced canine/ premolar complex and a little-derived cranial morphology and consumed a predominantly C3 plant–based diet (plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway). Its ecological habitat appears to have been largely woodland-focused. Ar. ramidus lacks any characters typical of suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle-walking. Ar. ramidus indicates that despite the genetic similarities of living humans and chimpanzees, the ancestor we last shared probably differed substantially from any extant African ape. Hominids and extant African apes have each become highly specialized through very different evolutionary pathways. This evidence also illuminates the origins of orthogrady, bipedality, ecology, diet, and social behavior in earliest Hominidae and helps to define the basal hominid adaptation, thereby accentuating the derived nature of Australopithecus.
BibTeX: @article{White2009, author = {Tim D. White and Berhane Asfaw and Yonas Beyene and Yohannes Haile-Selassie and C. Owen Lovejoy and Gen Suwa and Giday WoldeGabriel}, title = {Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids}, journal = {Science}, year = {2009}, volume = {326}, pages = {64-86}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175802} }
Witzel, C., Kierdorf, U., Schultz, M. & Kierdorf, H.	Insights From the Inside: Histological Analysis of Abnormal Enamel Microstructure Associated With Hypoplastic Enamel Defects in Human Teeth [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2008	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 136, pp. 400-414	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: We studied the abnormalities in enamel microstructure associated with enamel hypoplasia in human teeth from the early medieval (5th–7th century AD) cemetery of Barbing, Germany, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The main aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that by analyzing the microstructure of fully formed enamel it is possible to reconstruct the reaction pattern of secretory ameloblasts to stress events leading to enamel hypoplasia. From the histological findings, a sequence of increasing impairment of secretory ameloblast function involving three thresholds was deduced. Surpassing of each of these thresholds is assumed to result in characteristic changes in enamel microstructure attributable to specific functional/morphological alterations of secretory ameloblasts. Based on our results we propose a model identifying the principal factors infiuencing the reaction of secretory ameloblasts to stress. The present study demonstrates that by including microscopic analysis in the study of enamel hypoplasia, it is possible to obtain a more complete picture of the formation of these developmental defects than is possible by inspection of crown surface features alone, and to draw more substantiated conclusions about the possible nature of developmental defects of enamel.
BibTeX: @article{Witzel2008, author = {C. Witzel and U. Kierdorf and M. Schultz and H. Kierdorf}, title = {Insights From the Inside: Histological Analysis of Abnormal Enamel Microstructure Associated With Hypoplastic Enamel Defects in Human Teeth}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {2008}, volume = {136}, pages = {400-414}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20822} }
Young, W.G.	Anthropology, Tooth Wear, and Occlusion ab origine [Abstract] [BibTeX]	1998	J Dent Res Vol. 77, pp. 1860-1863	article	OPEN	DOI
Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to emphasize that Anthropology, the study of man in his environments, is a potent tool for scientific discovery and inspiration in dental science. It attempts to capture flashes of creative anthropological insight which have illuminated studies of tooth wear and occlusion in the past. While it documents contributions, understandings, and misunderstandings from Australian and New Zealand dentists, it is not a hagiography. The real saint of this essay is the Australian aborigine. For when men and women are understood in their environments, much is learned from them which challenges preconceptions of our dental science culture. The essay concludes that new, contemporary Australian culture needs to be studied by anthropological approaches if we are to understand how dental erosion is exacerbating tooth wear and damaging the occlusions of contemporary Australians. Much remains to be discovered about contemporary lifestyles, habits, and diets that lead to dental erosion, the principal cause of contemporary tooth wear in this part of the world.
BibTeX: @article{Young1998, author = {William George Young}, title = {Anthropology, Tooth Wear, and Occlusion ab origine}, journal = {J Dent Res}, year = {1998}, volume = {77}, pages = {1860-1863}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345980770110101} }
Zoutendyk, A.; Kopec, A.C. &.M.A.E.	The blood groups of the Hottentots. [BibTeX]	1955	Am J Phys Anthropol Vol. 13(4), pp. 691-697	article	OPEN
BibTeX: @article{Zoutendyk1955, author = {Zoutendyk, A.; Kopec, A. C. & Mourant A. E.}, title = {The blood groups of the Hottentots.}, journal = {Am J Phys Anthropol}, year = {1955}, volume = {13}, number = {4}, pages = {691--697} }
Zunino, M.	Filogenia de áreas de distribución: Algunas reflexiones teóricas [Abstract] [BibTeX]	2005	Acta Zoológica Mexicana Vol. 21(1), pp. 115-118	article	OPEN
Abstract: En el marco del proceso de revisar las bases teóricas de la biogeografía y de alcanzar un cuadro unificador, tanto conceptual como metodológico, resalta entre otros el problema de la filogenia de las áreas de distribución específicas. La base conceptual imprescindible para fundamentar cualquier metodología de análisis, es comprobar qué grado de realidad posee el área de distribución, en términos tanto ontológicos como genealógicos. Lo anterior permite justificar la idea no solamente de la evolución, sino también de la filogenia de las áreas de distribución y proponer criterios para formular hipótesis que sean realmente independientes de las hipótesis acerca de la filogenia de los ocupantes y de la evolución física de las áreas geográficas involucradas. Lo anterior justifica que se puedan comparar entre pares los conjuntos de hipótesis relacionadas con el mismo problema: espacio, tiempo y forma.
BibTeX: @article{Zunino2005, author = {Mario Zunino}, title = {Filogenia de áreas de distribución: Algunas reflexiones teóricas}, journal = {Acta Zoológica Mexicana}, year = {2005}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {115-118} }

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